carapace at base of antenna extending postero- 

 dorsally; underparts light (various authors). 



Habitat. — Burrows on estuarine mud flats and 

 in shallow estuaries; intertidal to 15 fathoms. 



Type locality. — Georgia. 



Known range. — Wellfleet, Mass., to Rockport, 

 Tex. (Hedgpeth, 1950) ; through West Indies to 

 Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil (deMan, 1927). 



Remarks. — A species of Upogebia is known 

 from the Eocene of Alabama (Rathbun, 1935). 



Ecological notes on U. affinis in North Carolina 

 were reported by Pearse (1945). The species in- 

 habits muddy situations in estuaries where salini- 

 ties are fairly high. Its burrowing habits are 

 similar to those of Callianassa. Wass (1955) 

 found burrows prevalent in Florida where the 

 marine grass Halodule wnghtii stabilizes muddy 

 substrates. Burrows examined by Pearse were 30 

 to 50 cm. deep with openings about 30 cm. above 

 low-tide mark. They were often branched, con- 

 taining several individuals each in its own branch, 

 and showed one to eight small openings at the 

 surface. In communal burrows he often found 

 two or three ovigerous females and one or two 

 juveniles. Like the burrows of Callianassa, those 

 of U. affinis are narrowest in the upper portion. 

 Pearse concluded that the animals seldom leave 

 their confines. 



In captivity, U. affinis made only feeble at- 

 tempts to burrow. In nature, however, the animals 

 are active and pump water vigorously from the 

 anterior to posterior end of the body by flapping 

 movements of the pleopods. Food is apparently 

 strained from the water by the hairy mouth parts 

 and walking legs, and probably consists largely of 

 organic materials swept in the water current. 



Ovigerous females were studied in detail in 

 August, though Hay and Shore (1918) pointed 

 out that the breeding season lasts throughout the 

 summer, and juveniles have been collected in 

 Bogue Sound, N.C., in plankton tows from early 

 April to late October. Fish (1925) reported 

 larvae at Woods Hole from mid-July to the latter 

 part of October, but they were mosl abundant in 

 early August. A single female may produce about 

 1.0,000 eggs at a time. They are borne on the first 

 four pairs of pleopods. In captivity, more zoeae 

 wen- hatched at nighl than in daytime. Pearse 

 cited MacGinitie (1934) for evidence that /'. affi- 

 nis, like members of the related genus Callianassa, 



may live several years, though there is no evidence 

 supporting this idea for the former. 



Upogebia affinis is commonly parasitized in 

 North Carolina by the lx>pyrid, Pseudodione upo- 

 gebiae Hay. Pearse (1952a) described a parasitic 

 isopod, Phyllodurus robvstus, from a Florida 

 specimen. 



Section Anomura 



Abdomen well developed, either symmetrical 

 and flexed beneath thorax, exceptionally extended 

 in a straight line usually flexed on itself, or asym- 

 metrical, coiled and imperfectly armored, almost 

 always with biramous appendages on sixth seg- 

 ment. Carapace usually depressed, free from epi- 

 stome, traversed on either side in longitudinal or 

 obliquely longitudinal direction by distinct suture 

 (linea anomurica) more or less marking off side- 

 wall of carapace from dorsal and dorsolateral por- 

 tion. Last thoracic sternum free (or atrophied). 

 First pair of legs well developed and chelate; 

 second and third pairs well developed, not che- 

 late: fifth pair markedly different from third. 



Superfamily Galatheidea 



Carapace more or less depressed. Abdomen rela- 

 tively well developed, not closely folded beneath 

 cephalothorax, symmetrical, and with well-de- 

 veloped pleura, but to some extent not capable of 

 complete extension. Eye scales absent. Antennal 

 peduncle with third article indistinct. Last tho- 

 racic sternum distinct. Second to fourth legs with 

 dactyl not curved and flattened. Males with at 

 least a pair of sexual appendages. 



Family Galatheidae 



Carapace longer than wide, often ornamented 

 with transverse, ciliated lines. Rostrum distinct 

 and strongly pointed, projecting beyond eyes. 

 Antennular peduncle elongate. Antennae with 

 four- jointed peduncle. Chelipeds greatly elon- 

 gated, slender. First, second, and third walking 

 legs well developed; fourth leg feeble, reduced in 

 size. Abdomen bent upon itself but not folded 

 under thorax; males with a pair of sexually modi- 

 fied pleopods on segment two. a pair of uniramous 

 pleopods on segments three, four, and five; fe- 

 males with rudimentary pleopods on second ab- 

 dominal segment, fully developed pleopods on 

 three, four, and live. 



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