144 THE LEAVES. 



leaves of the same bud in respect to eacli other. This last is evi- 

 dently connected with phjllotaxis, or tlieir position and order of 

 succession on the stem. As to the first, leaves are for tlie most 

 part either bent or folded, or rolled up in vernation. Tlius, the 

 upper part may be bent on the lower, so that the apex of the leaf 

 is brought down towards the base, as in tlie Tulip-tree, when the 

 leaves are injiexed or reclinate in vernation ; or the leaf may be 

 folded along its midrib or axis, so that the right half and the left 

 half are applied together, as in the Oak and the Magnolia, when 

 the leaves are conduplicate ; or each leaf may be folded up a cer- 

 tain number of times like a fan, as in the Maple, Currant, and Vine, 

 when they are said to be plicate or plaited. The leaf may be 

 rolled either parallel with its axis, or on its axis. In the latter ca^e 

 it is spirally rolled up from the apex towards the base, like a crosier, 

 or circinnate, as in true Ferns (Fig. 100), and among Pha^noga- 

 mous plants in the Drosera or Sundew. Of the former there are 

 three ways ; viz. the whole leaf may be laterally rolled up from one 

 edge into a coil, with the other edge exterior, when the leaves are 

 said to be convolute, as in the Apricot and Cherry ; or both edges 

 may be equally rolled towards the midrib ; either inwards, when 

 they are involute, as in the Violet and the Water-Lily ; or else out- 

 Avards, when they are revolute, as in the Rosemary and Azalea. Fig. 

 214-219 are Linnoean diagrams of sections of leaves, illustrating 

 the principal modes of vernation. 



258. Considered relatively to each other, leaves are valvate in 



vernation when corresponding ones touch each other by their edges 



214 215 216 only, without overlap- 



^/^^ A n <^^N. pi"S- ^^^^y ^^^ imbri- 



^^ I ^ inr^vl I f"^^^^ when the outer 



fl^^ ^^C^U^ isS-*^ successively overlap 



the mner, by their 

 edges at least, in which 

 case the order of over- 

 lapping exhibits the 

 217 ^' 218 phyllotaxis, or order 



of succession and po- 

 sition. In these cases 

 the leaves are plane or convex, or at least not much bent or rolled. 



FIG. 214. Conduplicate ; 215. Plicate or plaited ; 216. Convolute ; 217. Revolute ; 218. 

 Involute ; and, 219. Circinate, vernation. 



