432 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



adnate to tlie 2 - 5-celled ovary ; the limb four- or five-cleft or 

 toothed, or occasionally obsolete. Stamens as many as the lobes of 

 the regular corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on the tube. 

 Fruit various. Seeds albuminous. — This extensive family di\ddes 

 into two principal suborders, viz. : — 



839. Subord. StcllateBB {Madder Famihj proper). Herbs, with the 

 leaves in whorls ; but all except a single pair are generally supposed 

 to take the place of stipules. — Ex. Galium, Rubia (the Madder), 

 &.C., nearly all belonging to the colder parts of the world. The roots 

 of Madder yield the important dye of that name ; and those of 

 several species of Galium are imbued Avith a similar red coloring- 

 matter, 



840. Subord. CinchoneOB {Peruvian-Bark FamihJ). Shrubs, trees, 

 or herbs ; the leaves opposite and furnished with stipules, which are 

 very various in foi'm and appearance. — Ex. Cephalanthus (Button- 



867 



868 



87 1 



870 



brush), Pinkneya, and an immense number of tropical genera. 

 Very active, and generally febrifugal properties prevail in this large 

 order. It furnishes some of the most valuable known remedial 

 agents, among them Peruvian Bark or Cinchona, and Ipecacuanha. 



FIG. 864. Piece of Rubia tinctoria (the Madder) in flower. 865. The fruit. 866 The two 

 constituent portions of the fruit separating. 867. Vertical section of one carpel, showing the 

 curved embryo. 8!"8. Section of a flower of Galium. 



riG. 869. Cephalanthus occidentalis, the Button-Bush. 870. A flower, taken from the 

 head. 871. The corolla laid open. 



