Plate 8. The first ocean zone has 24 circuli; 

 the second has 21. 



Plate 9. The widest spaced circuli of the first 

 ocean zone are near the fresh-water 

 growth ; in the second ocean zone, they 

 are near the previous winter zone. 



Plate 10. Both ocean winter zones are of type 

 2, "average." 



Plate 11. This fish is ocean age .2. 



Plates 12 to 16. This fish is of age group 63 

 (2.2), showni on plate 14. 



USE OF ATLAS FOR RACIAL AND OTHER STUDIES 



Numerous scale characters are being used to 

 detemiine the continent of origin of sockeye sal- 

 mon when they are caught away from natal 

 streams. Some scale characters and methods of 

 analysis were reported by Krogius, 1958 ; Kubo, 

 1958; Kubo and Kosaka, 1959; Henry, 1961; 

 Mosher et al., 1961; Anas, 1963; Mosher, 1963; 

 and Anas, 1964. Methods now under study to 

 determine the stream of origin range from iden- 

 tification based on appearance of the scale to 

 multivariate techniques that make use of scale 

 data collected with precision. Although numerous 

 characters have been examined for racial studies, 

 many more could be defined and used; some of 

 the additional characters might be better than 

 ones now in use. 



This atlas can be used to (1) find additional 

 characters for racial study, (2) decide which cir- 

 culi or parts of circuli to count or measure for 

 consistent results, (3) provide a basis for devel- 

 oping "standard" descriptions of the scale char- 

 acters of sockeye salmon from the different 

 spawniing regions of North America and Asia, 

 and (4) choose characters for special studies in 

 which data on sockeye salmon scales are used. 



No specific list of additional cliaracters is 

 given here, but ingenuity and imagination of the 

 scientist in discovering and developing use of 

 scale characters and methods of analysis will 

 open new possibilities for the study of sockeye 

 salmon. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Anas, Raymond E. 



1963. Red salmon scale studies. In Report on the 

 investigations by the United States for the Inter- 



national North Pacific Fisheries Commission — 

 1961. Int. N. Pac. Fish. Comm., Annu. Rep. 1961 : 

 114-116. 

 1964. Sockeye salmon scale studies. In Report on 

 the investigations by the United States for the 

 International North Pacific Fisheries Commission 

 —1963. Int. N. Pac. Fish. Comm., Annu. Rep. 

 1963: 1.58-162. 



Chugunova, N. I. 



1959. Rukovodstvo po izucheniyu vozrasta i rosta 

 ryb (Age and growth studies in fish). Izdatel 

 'stvo Akademii Nauk S S S R, Moskva, 1959. 

 Translation available Office of Tech. Services, 

 Washington. OTS 61—31036, 132 pp. 



Clutter, R. I., and L. E. Whitesel. 



1956. Collection and interpretation of sockeye 

 salmon scales. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm., 

 Bull. 9, 159 pp. 



Gilbert, Charles H. 



1913. Age at maturity of the Pacific coast salmon 

 of the genus Oncorhynchus. U.S. Bur. Fish., 

 Bull. 32: 1-22. 



Gilbert, Charles H., and Willis H. Rich. 



1927 Investigations concerning the red-salmon 

 I'uns to the Karluk River, Alaska. U.S. Bur. 

 Fish., Bull. 43(2) : 1-69. 



Henry, Kenneth A. 



1961. Racial identification of Eraser River sock- 

 eye salmon by means of scales and its applications 

 to salmon management. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. 

 Comm., Bull. 12, 97 pp. 



Koo, Ted S. Y. 



1962a. Age and growth studies of red salmon scales 

 by graphical means, hi Ted S. Y. Koo (editor), 

 Studies of Alaska red salmon, pp. 49-121. Univ. 

 Wash. Press, Seattle, Publ. Fish., N.S., 1. 



1962b. Age designation in salmon. In Ted S. Y. 

 Koo (editor), Studies of Alaska red salmon, 

 pp. 37-48. Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, Publ. Fish., 

 N.S., 1. 



1962c. Sea-type red salmon in 1961 Nushagak run. 

 hi Ted S. Y. Koo (editor). Research in fisheries 

 —1961, pp. 7-9. Univ. Wash. Coll. Fish., Contrib. 

 139. 



Koo, Tdd S. Y., and Earl Finn. 



1964. Circulus height and related morphology of 

 sockeye salmon scales as determined from sec- 

 tions. In Research in fisheries — 1963, pp. 15-18. 

 Univ. Wash. Coll. Fish., Contrib. 166. 



Krogius, F. V. 



1958. stroenii cheshui Kamchatskoi krasnoi 

 raznykh lokal'nykh stad (On the scale pattern of 

 Kamchatka sockeye of different local popula- 

 tions). In iVIaterialy po biologii morskogo perioda 



274 



U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



