They also pointed out that the greatest abundance 

 of adult pink shrimp occurs in areas where the 

 salinity is high. 

 ENEMIES AND DISEASES 



Predation by fishes is very probably the most 

 important cause of natural mortality among pink 

 shrimp, as it is for most Penaeus. Several workers 

 have demonstrated that the pink shrimp is an 

 important food for some fishes. Aquatic birds are 

 also possibly among their enemies. 



Parasites of the pink shrimp include protozoans, 

 trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes, and even an 

 insect (Sprague, 1950, 1954; Hutton and Eldred, 

 1958; Hutton, Sogandares-Bernal, Eldred, Ingle, 

 and Woodburn, 1959; Hutton, Sogandares-Bernal, 

 and Eldred, 1959; Kruse, 1959; Hutton et 

 al., 1962). Themicrosporidian Thelohanhtdiiorara 

 Iversen and Manning causes what is commonly 

 known as "milk" or ''cotton" .shrimp, because of 

 the opaque whitish discoloration shown by infected 

 individuals. 



Commercial Importance 



P. d. duorarum is one of the most valuable spe- 

 cies of commercial shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico 

 fisheries. The areas of maximum productivity are 

 the Tortugas-Sanibel and Obregon-Campeche 

 grounds. Annual catches from the former are 

 about 8,000,000 kg. (whole weight) and from the 

 latter are even higher. In the Tortugas-Sanibel 

 grounds at least 80 percent of the catches are made 

 during winter-spring, but in the Obi"eg6n-Cam- 

 peche beds pink shrimp production shows little 

 seasonal variation. Throughout the rest of tlie Gulf 

 region, pink shrimp are taken in moderate quanti- 

 ties in northern Florida and western Texas, but 

 catches in other areas are rather insignificant. 



Pink shrimp make up part of the occasional 

 commercial catches made at the southernmost por- 

 tion of the range, between Isla Contoy and Isla 

 Mujeres, Mexico. They are fished commercially 

 also along the southeastern coast of the United 

 States. Moderate catches are taken off North Caro- 

 lina and small ones off the other southern Atlantic 

 States. 



Lyles (1967) reported that in 1965 landings of 

 pink shrimp in the United States were 19,760,132 

 kg. (whole weight) which represents about 20 per- 

 cent of all Penaeus shrimp landed in the Gulf and 

 Atlantic States. 



Penaeus (Melicertus) duorarum notialis 

 Perez Farfante 



Figures 32 to 38 



Cuba: camaron acaramelado, camaron cocinero, 



camaron carbonero. Nicaragua: camaron rojo. 



Venezuela : langostino amarillo, langostino rosado, 



camaron rosado sin mancha. 



Penaeus hraslliensis: Miers, 1878: 299, 306 

 [part]; Ives, 1891: 199 [part]; Eathbun, 1897: 

 46 [part]; Eathbun, 1901: 100, 101 [part]; 

 Pesta, 1915 : 113 [part] ; Boone, 1927 : 78 [part] ; 

 Boone, 1930: 14, 15, 101-105 [part]; Burken- 

 road, 1934 : 88, 93, 94 [part] , 109 ; Schmitt, 1935 : 

 128, 129 [part?]. Not P. hrasUiemis Lat., 1817. 



Penaeus duorarum: Burkenroad, 1939 [part, 

 "Form B"] : 29, 31-34, 40-45, figs. 18, 19, 26, 27; 

 Sanchez Eoig and Gomez de la Maza, 1^51 : 113; 

 Perez Farfante, 1953: 232-234, 236, 237, (238, 

 241 [part]); Perez Farfante, 1954a: 97, 98; 

 Perez Farfante, 1954b: 9, 13, 20, 26-30; Perez 

 Farfante, 1955: 180; Lindner, 1957: 11, 14, 25, 

 66, 69-72, 159, 160, 165; Suarez Caabro, 1957: 

 137; Eldred, 1958: 5, 23; Suarez Caabro, 1958: 

 5, 7; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1958a: 

 11; Holthuis, 1959: 67, 68; Eldred, 1960: 164, 

 165; Eldred and Hutton, 1960: 91, 98, 101, 106, 

 108, fig. 7a ; Eldred et al., 1961 : 87, 90, 91 ; Perez 

 Farfante et al., 1961: 18, 22, 33-55, 60, 63; 

 Anonymous, 1962: 56, 1 fig.; Idyll, 1962: 184; 

 Loesch, 1962: 172-177; Eossignol and Eepelin, 

 1962: 157-174; Davant, 1963 : 9, 11, 15-17, 31-35, 

 65, 67, 71-73, 86-91, figs. 6b, 11-14, and bis; 

 Simpson, 1963: 22, 23; Boschi, 1964: 39-41; 

 Ewald, 1964: 10, 20-23, 24, 28, tables [part]; 

 Ewald, 1965a: 29; Ewald, 1965c: 52, 59, 65, 67, 

 69, 72-74, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93-96, 114, 

 (80, 88-90, 92, 97-99, 113, fig. 13 [part]) ; Hol- 

 thuis and Eosa, 1965 : 4 [part] ; Joyce., 1965 : 132, 

 135, 220, 221 ; Pericchi Lopez, 1965 : 24 ; da Silva, 

 1965: 3, 4; Simpson et al., 1965: 77; Williams, 

 1965: 22, 23; Neiva and Mistakidis, 1966: 5, 6, 

 fig. 11a, b; Croker, 1967 : 63, 67, 68, 72-74, 79-81, 

 84, 87, 98, 110; Instituto de Fomento Nacional, 

 1967 : 5, 8. 



Penaeus duoarum : Anderson and Lindner, 1945 : 

 306 [part] ; Dall, 1957: 142, 226 [part]. 



Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad "var. camerancn- 

 sh" Eossignol and Eepelin, 1962: 159. 



Penaeus duorarv/m notialis Perez Farfante, 1967 : 

 94-98, fig. 4a-d; (holotype, $, USNM 119132, 

 off Las Piedras, Gulf of Venezuela, 26 fm., Oc- 



-.20 



U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



