CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 231 



semicircle, forming for some distance the outline of the mount- 

 ain on that side. The front wall, that is in looking towards the 

 mountain from the northeast, has entirely disappeared so that 

 one looks into the bottom of the crater. The northern limit of 

 the crater is marked by some immense perpendicular cliffs or 

 buttresses of rock which jut out in bold relief and form a char- 

 acteristic feature in the outline of Mt. Pitt as seen from the 

 east, and are also visible from the west to the north of the sum- 

 mit. The sides of the crater wall are nearly perpendicular, but 

 sloping sharply at the bottom, and are studded with jagged 

 masses of rock which protrude through the fine debris covering 

 the interior of the crater. It is along the edge of the wall on 

 the southerly side of this crater that the ascent of the mountain 

 is most easily made. The diameter of the crater must have been 

 about a half mile. On the northern side of the mountain sepa- 

 rated from the crater by the cliffs just referred to, from the foot 

 of which extends a long rocky ridge, are the remains of another 

 crater, larger than the first and not less than three-quarters of a 

 mile in diameter, of the wall of which nearly two-thirds of the 

 outline may still be traced. Its walls are also very steep and 

 entirely covered with debris. The curved outline of its wall 

 near the summit, as seen at Rancherie Prairie eight or ten miles 

 away, suggests its nature at once. Near the summit within this 

 crater are accumulated large masses of snow which remain 

 throughout the year, and which towards their upper part are 

 traversed by several large crevasses, but nowhere are there 

 signs of a true glacier such as have been found on most of the 

 higher volcanoes along this range thus far visited. It is only at 

 this point, excepting unimportant patches in secluded nooks, 

 that the snow remains during the whole year. In the summer 

 of 1875 even on the south side, and on the walls of the crater 

 first described, there were very considerable areas covered with 

 snow up to August, but it was very thin and by September had 

 all or nearly all disappeared. Between these two craters but 

 lower down on the mountain, can be distinguished the outline of 

 a third but very much smaller crater. Extending round from 

 the western wall of the second crater the side of the mountain is 

 covered by debris broken through at frequent intervals by the 



