FISH-CULTURE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 195 



The Newfoundland Government works quite successfully with an appropriation 

 of $17,300, that is, $6,100 for fish-culture and the remainder for fish-propagation and 

 fishery administration. 



In Europe, Germany expends the largest amount of money for fish-culture, say, 

 $21,815, which includes $12,500 of subsidy to the Deutsche Fischerei Vereiu, the lead- 

 ing association of its kind in Europe, and $9,315 for the governmental fish hatchery 

 in Hiiningen. Many private hatcheries exist in that country, thanks to the orders 

 for hatched fry given by the above association, which has no hatchery of its own. 

 The Hiiningen fish-hatchery — perhaps the largest on the continent — has no value from 

 the standpoint of the modern fish-culturist, and, with regard to the accommodation for 

 the work, many private establishments* in Germany leave far behind this big, but 

 inconvenient, old-fashioned hatchery, which, I think, has completed its historical role 

 in fish-culture. 



Norway is now one of the leading countries in regard to the work for all kinds of 

 improvements in fisheries. Its government grants for this purpose an amount of 

 $57,788 yearly, which includes $41,665 for fish-culture in particular.! One of the 

 largest salt-water fish-hatcheries in the world, at Flodevigen, near Arendal (200,000,000 

 cod fry hatched in 1891), is controlled by a local fishery association and gets a subsidy 

 of 9,000 kroners from the Government. 



Next comes Switzerland, which operates, as compared with its area, on a very large 

 scale. The Federal Government of that country has an appropriation of $2,207 for 

 the fry planted by private persons in the public waters. Besides that, almost every 

 canton has one, two, and sometimes several cantonal fish-hatcheries. 



France — the cradle of pisciculture, the country which has contributed toward 

 the development of this new industry more work than any other country — now ranks 

 far behind many European countries. The French Government does not pay much 

 attention to fish-culture in general, having an appropriation of 19,860 francs ($3,972) 

 to maintain five not very large governmental fish-hatcheries and subsidize a private 

 one (for shad-hatching at St. Pierre les Elbeuf, on the Seine Eiver). Only quite 

 recently, thanks to the statements made by the Societe Centrale d'Aquiculture de la 

 France, the attention of the French Government has been called to fish-culture, and 

 I am informed that negotiations are being made to establish a special fish-culturist 

 school at the Gremaz fish-hatchery, which belongs to M. Lugrin (the inventor of the 

 method of artificially propagating live food for fish fry). 



Italy has only recently begun fish-cultural work under the control of the Govern- 

 ment, which has appropriated 32,000 liras ($6,500) for the construction of a large fish- 

 hatchery at Brescia, now in operation, and has opened another small one at Borne. 



The Netherlands Government appropriates only 5,000 gulden ($2,084) for the 

 salmon fry planted in the Bhine Biver. No appropriation is made by the Austria- 

 Hungary Government, fish-culture being carried on by proprietors and associations. 



*I can mention here the well-situated and nicely-fitted fish-hatcheries in Selzenhof, near Freihurg 

 (8,000,000 trout eggs capacity), and in Seewiese, near Gemiinden, Bavaria (4,000,000 capacity). 



tThe total of 208,040 kroners is thus distributed: For scientific investigation in fisheries, 5,200 

 kroners ; subsidy to the fishery associations, 45,000 kroners (that includes 8,000 kroners for the hatchery 

 at Flodevigen) ; maintenance of fishery schools in Bergen and Bodo, 11,500 kroners; fish-culture work, 

 7,250 kroners ; and the remainder for fish-protection and administration. 



