THE AQUARIUM WATER SUPPLY AND PUMPING PLANTS. 161 



i 



The section of pipe and its coil which was used for the fresh water was similar in 

 construction to that used for salt water, except that the coil was made of galvanized- 

 iron pipe instead of brass. 



The coil of this section was connected to the fresh- water supply pipe of the fresh- 

 water aquaria between the Jewell niters and fresh-water aquaria, and so arranged that 

 the fresh water could be made to pass through the coil or pass direct to the aquaria. 



These sections of 12-inch pipe were connected to a steam boiler located under the 

 aquaria building, so that steam could be introduced into them and around the coils: 

 in this way the fresh and salt water supplies to aquaria could be raised to the tem- 

 perature desired. 



In order to regulate the temperature of the salt-water supply for aquaria during 

 the warm weather, the section of 12-inch pipe containing the brass coil was connected 

 to the fresh- water supply pipe between the water main and the Jewell filters, and was 

 so arranged that a continual flow of fresh water could be introduced into the 12-inch 

 section and around the coil through which the salt water was passing; the fresh water 

 being at a lower temperature than the salt water, it was used as a medium during the 

 hot weather to cool the salt water supply to aquaria. 



Salt-water pipe, pumps, etc. — All piping, parts of pumps, valves, jet cocks, etc., 

 in contact with the salt water were made of hard rubber, with the exception of the 

 drawn brass coil, described above, tinned inside in the section of 12-inch iron pipe, 

 which was used to regulate the temperature of salt-water supply. 



Operation of salt-water plant. — The pumps having separate suction and delivery 

 pipes and run by separate motors, each pump was independent of the other and inter- 

 changeable, making two separate and distinct plants; and in case of accident to one 

 pump or motor or of any of its attachments, the other pump was capable of supplying 

 enough water for the aquaria. It was not found necessary at any time to run both 

 pumps at once. 



The water was drawn from the reservoir by the pumps through hard-rubber pipes 

 and pumped into the distributing tank. From the distributing tank the water was 

 conveyer 1 by gravity through hard-rubber pipes to the apparatus for regulating the 

 temperature, and into the supply pipes located over the aquaria. From this supply 

 pipe it was delivered through jet cocks into the aquaria. 



The overflow or waste water from the aquaria passed into the box filter filled with 

 sand and gravel, and from them through hard-rubber piping to the main reservoir. 



Air circulation for salt-water aquaria. — The Bishop and Babcock Company of 

 Cleveland, Ohio, courteously lent the IT. S. Fish Commission two of their hydraulic 

 pumps, which were operated by water taken from the fresh- water main, and it was 

 found that one of the pumps having 3f -inch diameter water cylinder, 5|-inch diameter 

 air cylinder, and 8-inch stroke, would furnish sufficient air, at a pressure of 7 pounds 

 per square inch, to aerate all the salt-water aquaria. 



The air pumps delivered the air into a galvanized air cylinder at a pressure of 

 about 7 pounds per square inch. From this receiver the air was conveyed to the backs 

 of each salt-water aquarium by iron piping, and there connected with each aquarium 

 by rubber tubing, into which were inserted wooden liberators through which the air 

 was forced into the water. 



F. C. B. 1893—11 



