CHYLE. 



[ 142 ] 



CIBOTIUM. 



circulatory movement. The latter, with 

 equal constancy, in chambers, iiTegular 

 cavities and cells communicating invariably 

 with the peiitoneal cavity; not having a 

 determinate circulation, but a to-and-fro 

 movement, maintained by muscular and 

 ciliary agency. The true-blood system does 

 not exist under any form, even the most 

 rudimentary, below the Echinodermata ; in 

 other words, the true-blood system begins at 

 the Echinodermata. Below the Echinoder- 

 mata, viz. in the Polypi and Acalephae, the 

 digestive and circulatory systems are identi- 

 fied, consequently the external medium is 

 admitted directly into the nutrient vessels. 

 This circumstance constitutes a fundamental 

 distinction between the chylaqueous system 

 and that of the true-blood ; into which, 

 under no conditions, is the external inorganic 

 element directly introduced. 



In every class in which the chylaqueous 

 liquid exists, it is charged more or less 

 abundantly with organized corpuscles. These 

 corpuscles are marked by distinctive charac- 

 ters, not in diflferent classes and genera only, 

 but in different species, entitling these bodies 

 to great consideration in the establishment 

 of species. In those classes, as in the Echi- 

 nodermata, the Entozoa and Annelida, in 

 which, in the adult animal, these two orders 

 of liquids coexist, though distinct, in the 

 same individual, an inverse proportion 

 prevails between them, as respects their 

 magnitude or development. The system of 

 the chylaqueous liquid does not exist in the 

 adult, but only in the larval state of the 

 higher members of the articulated series, 

 as the Myriapoda, Insecta and the Crusta- 

 cea. 



BiBL. Williams, Trans, and Proceed, of 

 Royal Society, 1852 (the former contains 

 figures of the corpuscles) ; id. ^4n?i. Nat. 

 Hist., passim after 1852. 



CHYLE, — The chyle consists of a liquid 

 which coagulates when removed from the 

 vessels, containing in suspension molecules, 

 nuclei, colourless corpuscles, and colom'ed 

 blood-corpuscles. 



The molecules (PI. 41. fig. 12 a) are very 

 numerous, and probably consist of fatty 

 matter surrounded by a coat of a proteine- 

 compound ; to them is owing the milky 

 appearance which the chyle possesses during 

 active digestion. They form the molecular 

 base of Gulliver. The free nuclei (PI. 41. 

 fig. 26) have a somewhat homogeneous aspect; 

 they are not numerous, about 1-11,000 to 

 1-5600" in diameter, frequently appearing 



cell-like and granular after the addition of 

 water. They are only met with at the 

 origins of the lacteals, in the mesentery, and 

 in the vasa effereutia of the mesenteric glands, 

 but never in the thoracic duct. The chyle- 

 corpuscles {V\. 41. fig. 2c), which are identical 

 with those of the lymph, are pale round 

 nucleated cells, 1 -4 50() to l-2000"in diameter; 

 then contents become turbid when water is 

 added, and they are rendered very transparent 

 by the addition of acetic acid, the granular 

 nucleus becomingatthesametime very distinct. 

 Sometimes they exhibit a number of Amoeba- 

 like processes (PI. 41. fig. 2 d). At the origins 

 of the lacteals the chyle-corpuscles are few 

 in number, or even absent ; near the mesen- 

 teric glands, they are met with undergoing 

 division. The coloured blood-corpuscles are 

 probably derived from A^dthout. Chemi- 

 cally, the chyle consists of a saline liquid, 

 containing albumen and fibrine in solution; 

 the latter when coagulated forming a soft and 

 loose clot. 



BiBL. Kolliker, MikrosJc. Anat. ii. 561 ; 

 Wagner. Handwort. art. Chylus; ibid, Elem. 

 of Phys., by Willis ; Gulliver, ibid, and 

 Gerber's Anat. ; Bennett, Edinb. Month. 

 Journ. 1852, 204; and the Bibl. of Che- 

 mistry, Animal. 



CHYLOCLADIA, Grev. — A genus of 

 Laurenciacese (Florideous Algae), containing 

 a few British species, with fronds of small 

 size, composed of a branched, cylindrical and 

 tubular structure, cut off into chambers 

 within by diaphragms at intervals, and filled 

 with a watery juice. The walls are com- 

 posed of small polygonal cells. Nageli has 

 given the minute anatomy of C. (Lomentaria) 

 kalifor^mis. The spores are wedge-shaped, 

 contained in tufts in ceramidia borne on the 

 branchlets. The tetraspores (3-partite) are 

 immersed in the branchlets. 



Bibl. Harvey, Br. Mar. Alg. pi. 13 B.; 

 Phyc. Brit. pi. 145, &c. ; Grev. Alg. Brit. 

 pi. 14; Nageli, Algen. Systeme, 246. pi. x. 

 figs. 13-21. 



CHYTRIDIUM, A.Br.— Probably a form 

 analogous to Characium. It is described 

 as a balloon -shaped cell, attached by a root- 

 like base upon (Edogofiia ; the contents be- 

 come converted into ciliated zoospores, which 

 escape through dehiscence by a lid. It is 

 doubtless the s})ore of (Edogonium de- 

 scribed by Pringsheim. 



Bibl. A1. Braun, Verjungung, dfc, Ray 

 Society's Translation, 1853. p. 185; Prings- 

 heim, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xi. p. 297. pi. 9. 



CIBOTIUM, Kaulfuss.— A genus of Cya- 



