TINTINNUS. 



[ 642 ] 



TISSUES. 



The small scales from the under side of 

 the wings of T. peUioneUa (or vestianella), 

 the common clothes' moth, have been pro- 

 posed as test-objects ; but they can hardly 

 be regarded as such for object-glasses of the 

 present day. The longitudinal lines form 

 the test- structure. 



BiBL. Westvvood, Introduction, Sfc. 

 TINTINNUS, Schrank.— A genus of 

 Infusoria, of the family Ophrydina. 



Char. Single ; body contained in a cylin- 

 drical, sessile, bell-shaped carapace, to the 

 bottom of which it is attached by a stalk. 



Five species. In one, the carapace is co- 

 vered with dots, and its orifice toothed. 



T. inquilinus (PI. 25. fig. 4). Body hya- 

 line or yellowish ; carapace cylindrical, hya- 

 line. Marine; length 1-240". 



Dujardin unites this genus with Vaginicola, 

 where it properly belongs. 



BiBL. EhrenlDerg, Lifus. 294; id. Ber.d. 

 Berl. Akad. 1840; Dujardin, Infus. 561. 



TISSUE, FiBRO-PLASTTC. — A term ap- 

 plied by Lebert to imperfectly developed 

 abnormal areolar tissue. The separate ele- 

 ments are often found difiiised through those 

 of normal tissues, or products of inflamma- 

 tory exudation. They consist of rounded or 

 oblong cells, from 1-2300 to 1-1600" in dia- 

 meter ; in a more advanced stage becoming 

 fusiform or angular, and finally forming di- 

 stinct fibres ; hence resembling the elements 

 of embryonic areolar tissue (PI. 40. fig. 43). 

 In some instances the development is arrested 

 at one of the early phases, so that the tissue 

 consists almost exclusively of the rounded or 

 the fusiform cells ; and in others, the cells 

 enlarge and produce a number of nuclei or 

 secondary cells (PL 30. fig. 10 c). 



Fibro-plastic tissue or its elements are 

 met with in inflammatory effiisions upon the 

 serous and synovial membranes, but rarely ; 

 in the interstitial efiiisions of pneumonia, 

 especially when chronic ; in cirrhosis of the 

 liver; in the products of suppm^ating sur- 

 faces ; on the surface of chronic ulcers, and 

 non-malignant fungoid vegetations; in the 

 soft yellow vascular tissue occupying the 

 cancelli of ulcerated bones; in certain tu- 

 mours, &c. See Tumours. 



BiBL. Jjebert, Physiol, patholog.; Wedl, 

 Patholog. Histolog. ; Forster, Patholog. 

 Anat. i. 



TISSUES, Animal.— The following syn- 

 optical arrangement of the princi])al animal 

 tissues is intended to facilitate reference to 

 the various articles scattered through the 

 work. 



4. Blastemic and cellular 



'\ 



5. Fibrous 



6. Fibrous and cellular 



7. Tubular 



A. Simple. 



1 . Blastemic or protoplastic. . Sarcode. 



2. Membranous Basement membrane. 



' Fatty tissue ; nerve-cells ; 



3. Cellular \ simple cartilage ; \m- 



striated muscular fibre. 



Without secondary depo- 

 sit. True cartilage. 

 With secondary deposit. 

 Bone. 

 [Areolar (celhdar) tissue ; 

 < tendon ; ligament; elas- 

 [_ tic tissue ; muscle. 

 . . Fibro-cartilage. 

 Without secondary depo- 

 sit. Vessels. 

 With secondary deposit. 

 Nerve-tubes. 



B, Compound. Glands ; mucous and serous membranes ; 

 skin ; synovial membrane ; teeth. 



TISSUES, Vegetable. — The tissues 

 composing the substance of vegetables are 

 all comparatively slight modifications of one 

 type, being composed of cellulose sacs, or 

 "cells" par excellence, varying only in 

 form and consistence and in their mode of 

 union. The tissues may be divided into 

 groups on different principles; but for our 

 purpose a very simple arrangement will suf- 

 fice, based chiefly on the character of the 

 compound tissues, leaving the secondary di- 

 visions to be determined by the nature of the 

 component cells. 



1 . Camhium tissue, occurring in the growing 

 regions of all plants having stems, is com- 

 posed of minute cells of variable form, closely 

 packed and densely filled with protoplasm : 

 it is a transitional structure, forming the 

 first stage of all the rest. 



2. Parenchyma, or " cellular tissue," is 

 composed of cells in which the diameter is not 

 excessive in any one direction, and the walls 

 are comparatively thin. This is divided by 

 authors into many sections, according to the 

 form of the cells, the laxity of their cohe- 

 rence, &c. The only distinctions worth note 

 are between — 



a. Parenchyma proper, where the cells 

 have polygonal forms. 



b. Merenchyma, where the cells are roimd, 

 oval, &c. 



c. Collenchyma, which is a form of cellular 

 tissue where the walls are greatly thick- 

 ened with softish secondary deposits; 

 it occurs beneath the epidermis of many 

 herbaceous plants, in the fronds of the 

 larger Algae, of Lichens, &c. 



d. Sterenchyma. A name which might be 

 used to distinguish the bony cellular 

 tissue of shells, stones of fruits, &c. 



3. Prosenchyma. Cellular tissue, usually 

 forming the mass of wood and various fibrous 



