ANOURELLA. 



[ 46 ] 



ANTENNARIA. 



imago, widely differing from each other in 

 general appearance, habits and functions, 

 yet a series of semitransformations takes 

 place in the shedding of the skin a definite 

 number of times, by which the individual 

 acquires a greater symmetry of form, and 

 most probably a greater perfection of parts 

 or organs. 



BiBL. Nitzsch, Germar and Zincken's 

 Magazin der Entomol. iii. 5 Burmeister, 

 Gen. Insect. ; Leach, Zoological Miscellany, 

 iii.; Gurlt, Mag.f. die Gesammte Thierheil- 

 kunde, viii. ; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. 

 Britann. ; Walckenaer, Hist. d. Insect, xiii. 



ANOURELLA, Bory and Duj. = Anu- 

 ria, Ehr. 



ANTENNAS, of Insects.— The two move- 

 able-jointed organs situated on the head, 

 near the eyes (PL 26, figs. I a, 3 a, 24 a, and 

 figs. 7 to 21 inclusive). 



The form, number of joints, &c. of the 

 antennae are used as characters for distin- 

 guishing the genera and species of Insects. 



Three parts are generally distingmshable 

 in the antennae : I, the scapus or basal joint 

 (figs. 10, 18 and 19 a), is often very long, 

 and is connected with the torulus, or part 

 upon which it moves, by a ball and socket 

 articulation ; 2, the pedicella or second joint 

 (the same figs, h), which is mostly minute 

 and nearly spherical, allowing of the freest 

 motion, and supporting the remaining portion 

 of the antenna, which forms, 3, the clavola 

 (figs. 10 and 18 c). The principal terms 

 applied to the antennae according to the 

 form and arrangement of the joints of the 

 clavola are these : — 



They are called setaceous when the success- 

 ive joints gradually diminish in size from 

 the base to the apex, as in the families 

 Achetidae, Blattidae and Gryllidae (fig. 7) ; 

 ensiform when the successively diminishing 

 joints are angular at the sides, forming a 

 sword-like organ, as in some of the Locust- 

 idae (fig. 8) ; filiform when all the joints of 

 the clavola are of uniform thickness, as in 

 the Carabidae (fig. 9) ; moniliform when the 

 joints are spherical or rounded, as in the 

 Tenebrionidae and Blapsidae (fig. 10) ; ser- 

 rated when the joints appear like inverted 

 triangles, with the inner margin more pro- 

 duced than the outer, as in some of the 

 Elateridae (fig. 11); imbricated when the 

 acute base of each joint is inserted into the 

 middle of the broad apex of the joint behind 

 it, as in the Prionidae (fig. 12) ; pectinated 

 when each joint is developed on one side 

 into a process or spine, as in the Lampyridae 



(fig. 13) ; bipectinated when a process or 

 spine exists on each side of the joints, as in 

 the Bombycidae (fig. 14) ; fiabellate when 

 each of the processes is flattened, and nearly 

 as long as the whole of the succeeding joints 

 taken together, as in some of the Elateridae 

 (fig. 15) ; clavate when the clavola ends in a 

 gradually formed knob (fig. 16), or capitate 

 when the knob is suddenly formed (fig, 17), 

 as in the Pentamerous Coleojitera; plumose 

 when one or more minutely pectinated 

 branches arises from the joints, as in some 

 of the Muscidae (fig. 20), or when tufts of 

 capillary filaments arise from the joints, as 

 in the Culicidae (fig. 21) ; lamellate, as in the 

 lamellicorn Coleoptera, when the knob is 

 composed of a number of lamellae or plates 

 (fig. 18 c?), and perfoliate when the joints of 

 the knob are separated slightly from each 

 other by a minute foot-stalk. There are 

 many curious variations in the structure of 

 the antennae ; thus, in some of the Muscidae, 

 the filamentous portion represents the true 

 clavola, while the larger lobe is simply an 

 appendage (fig. 20) ; in Globaria Leachii 

 the pedicella is not a small rounded joint, 

 but is elongated like the scapus (fig. 19 b), 

 whilst the clavola (c) ends in a large capitu- 

 lum, attached laterally to the base of the 

 fifth joint, and directed backwards. 



The use of the antennae is not agreed upon 

 by entomologists : Mr. Newport believed that 

 the primary function is that of hearing or 

 feeling the vibrations of the atmosphere, 

 an additional function in many insects being 

 that of common feeling or touch. 



BiBL. Kirby and Spence, Introduction to 

 Entomology ; Bm'meister's Manual, 8fc., 

 translated by Shuckard; Newport, Art. 

 Insects, Todd's Cycl. Anat. and Phys. ii. ; 

 Westwood's Introduction Sf-c. 



ANTENNARIA, Link.— A genus of An- 

 tennariei (Physomycetous Fungi). They are 

 byssoid products growing upon dead or living 

 structures, or sometimes in cellars. The my- 

 celium consists of a densely interwoven mass 

 of filaments, generally of dark colour, some- 

 times of very great extent. Species : — 



1. Antennaria cellaris, Fries. Mycelium 

 very thick and abundant, lax, composed of 

 septate filaments, olive-black; perithecia glo- 

 bose, seated on the mycelium, and supported 

 by simple filaments. On casks, bottles, &c., 

 often hanging down a foot or more from the 

 roof, in almost all close cellars. 



Racodium cellar e, Pers. ; Greville, Sc, 

 Crypt. Flora, t. 259. — Fibrillaria vinaria, 

 Sowerb., t. 432, 387, fig. 3. 



