LITHONEMA. 



[ 398 ] 



LIVER. 



rapidly deposited from an alcoholic solution, 

 they are modified as represented in PL 7. 

 fig. 14. 



BiBL. See Chemistry. 



LITHONEMA, Hass. See Ainactis. 



LITOSIPHON, Harv. — A genus of 

 Punctariaceae (Fucoid Algae), with fronds 

 composed of cartilaginous filiform unbranched 

 filaments, at first solid, afterwards tubular, 

 composed of several rows of cells ; epiphytic 

 on Chorda filum [L. pusillus) and Alaria (L. 

 laminarice), the former 2'' to 6" inches long, 

 the latter 1-4 to 1-2". The sporanges occur 

 either solitary or aggregated, scattered on 

 the sm'face of the filaments, which in L. pu- 

 sillus are clothed with pellucid hairs, in L. 

 laminaricB smooth. 



BiBL. Harv. Brit. Mar. Alg. p. 43. pi. 8 D; 

 Thuret, Ann. des. Sc. nat. 4 ser. iii. p. 14. 



LIVER. — It need scarcely be said that the 

 liver is the glandular organ which secretes 

 the bile. 



On examining the surface of the liver or a 

 transverse section of that organ with the 

 naked eye, it usually presents a mottled 

 appearance, numerous spots of a dark or 

 light red colour being surrounded by a 



Fig. 409. 



Magnified about 3 diameters. 



Portion of the liver of a pig, with divided branches of 

 the vena cava : the lobules are visible upon the divided 

 surfaces : a, large vein, no orifices of the intralobular 

 veins being visible ; b, branches of the same, with distinct 

 orifices of the intralobular veins, and the bases of the 

 lobules seen through their walls, 



margin of a paler or darker colour. These 

 spots correspond to the lobules of the liver. 



The lobules are rounded or polygonal and 

 about 1-2 to 1'" in diameter (fig. 409). 



Between the lobules run branches of the 

 vena portae, forming the interlobular veins 

 (coloured red in PI. 31. fig. 33); these 

 throughout their course send off' numerous 

 smaller branches into the substance of the 

 lobules, which terminate in the capillary 

 plexus of the lobules. 



Fig. 410. 



Magnified about 4 diameters. 



Section of the liver of a pig through a branch of the 

 vena portae, with accompanying branches of the hepatic 

 artery and duct. On the right are seen two branches 

 of the vena portae giving off the interlobular veins. 



The branches of the vena portae are accom- 

 panied by branches of the hepatic duct and 

 ramifications of the hepatic artery, the whole 

 being surrounded by areolar tissue prolonged 

 from Glisson's capsule. Hence in a section 

 of the uninjected liver, those branches of 

 the vena portae and of the vena cava which 

 are visible to the naked e)^e are readily di- 

 stinguishable from each other, by the orifices 

 of the former collapsing, whilst those of the 

 latter are kept open by their close contact 

 with the lobules. 



In the centre of each lobule arises a branch 

 of the vena cava, by the union of numerous 

 smaller branches (coloured j^ellow in PI. 31. 

 fig. 33), which take their origin in the ca})il- 

 lary plexus of the lobule ; these central 

 branches form the intralobular veins. 



The ca])illaries of the lobules form a close 



