920 



Fishery Bulletin 101(4) 



1 1 



,01 1 



Q. .001 1 



.0001 



.00001 



50 



80 

 Age (yr) 



100 



Figure 4 



Probabilities of attaining ages of 50. 80, and 100 years for red sea urchins 

 (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) at sites from Alaska to northern 

 California; estimates were based on Tanaka growth parameters and size- 

 frequency distributions (Ebert et al., 1999); numbers of sites are shown 

 at the tops of bars and there are two samples at each site; error bars are 

 2SEs. 



Literature cited 



Agatsuma, Y. 



2001. Eco\ogy o{ Strongylocentrotus intermedius. In Ed- 

 ible sea urchins: biology and ecology (J. M, Lawrence, ed.), 

 p. 333-346. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries 

 science, no. 32. Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, Neth- 

 erlands. 

 Barker, M. F. 



2001. The ecology of Evechinus chloroticus. In Edible 

 sea urchins: biology and ecology (J. M. Lawrence, ed.), p. 

 245-260. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries 

 science, no. 32. Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, Neth- 

 erlands. 

 Beddingfield, S. 0., and J. B. McClintock. 



2000. Demographic characteristics of Lytechinus variega- 

 tiis (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) from three habitats in a 

 north Florida bay Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. 21:17-40. 

 Bernard, E R., and D. C. Miller. 



1973. Preliminary investigation on the red sea urchin 

 resources of British Columbia [Strongylocentrotus fran- 

 ciscanus (Agassiz)). Fish. Res. Board Can. Tech. Rep. 400: 

 1-37. 

 Breen, P. A., and B. E. Adkins. 



1976. Growth rings and age in the red sea urchin, Strongy- 

 locentrotus franciscanus. Fish. Res. Board Can. Manuscr. 

 Rep. Ser 1413. 

 Brey T 



1991. Population dynamics o{ Sterechinus antarcticus 

 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on the Weddell Sea shelf and 

 slope, Antarct. Antarctic Sci. 3:251-256. 

 Brey.T., J. Pearse, L. Basch, J. McClintock, and M. Slattery 



1995. Growth and production of Sterechinus neumayeri 

 (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) in McMurdo Sound, Antarct. 

 Mar Biol. 124:279-292. 



Broecker, W. S.. T.-H. Peng, G. Ostlund, and M. Stuiver 



1985. The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean. J. 

 Geophys. Res. 90:6953-6970. 



Bureau, D. 



1996. Relationship between feeding, reproductive condition, 

 jaw size and density in the red sea urchin, Strongylocentro- 

 tus franciscanus. M.S. thesis, 90 p. Simon Eraser Univ., 

 Burnaby, Canada. 



Campana, S. E. 



1997. Use of radiocarbon from nuclear fallout as a dated 

 marker in the otoliths of haddock Melanogrammus 

 aeglifinus. Mar Ecol. Prog. Ser 150:49-56. 



Campana, S. E., L. J. Natanson, and S. MyklevoU. 



2002. Bomb dating and age determination of large pelagic 

 sharks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:450-455. 

 Congdon, J. D., A. E. Dunham, and R. C. van Loben Sels. 



1994. Demographics of common snapping turtles iChelydra 

 serpentiana): implications for conservation and manage- 

 ment of long-lived organisms. Am. Zool. 34:397-408. 



Crapp, G. B., and M. E. Willis. 



1975. Age determination in the sea urchin Paracentrotus 

 lividus (Lamarck), with notes on the reproductive cycle. J. 

 Exp. Mar Biol. Ecol. 20:157-178. 

 de Kroon, H., A. Plaisier, J. van Groenendael, and H. Caswell. 



1986. Elasticity: the relative contribution of demographic 

 parameters to population growth rate. Ecology 67: 

 1427-1431. 



Dix, T G. 



1972. Biology of Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echi- 

 nometridae) from different localities. 4. Age, growth, and 

 size. N. Z. J. Mar Freshw. Res. 6:48-68. 

 Duffy, P. B., D. E. Eliason, A. J. Bourgeois, and C. C. Covey. 



1995. Simulation of bomb radiocarbon in two global ocean 

 general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 100:22545- 

 22563. 



