218 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 



Since the conclusion of the experiments detailed above, the feasibility 

 of shippin*>- carp in crates'and i)ails has been pretty thoroughly tested 

 in the operations of the United States Fish Commission, with the follow- 

 ing results : Single shipments in pails have been made from Washington 

 into Xew York and Pennsylvania, and to Ohio, North Carolina, and 

 Tennessee. Some losses have been reported, but comparatively few, 

 the usual report being that the fish are received in good condition. In 

 the case of a shipment to Reedville, N. C, the fish were eight days 

 eii, route and were received in good condition. 



Crates containing 10 buckets and 320 fish have been sent by ex- 

 press from Washington to Chattanooga and Grand Junction, Tenn., and 

 Jackson and Meridian, Miss., and distributed from these j^oints by Ex- 

 press to parties within a radius of 100 or 150 miles, without more than 

 the casualties incident to transportation by the methods heretofore pur- 

 sued. In conclusion, we may safely say that where the point of desti- 

 nation is not distant from the point of departure more tlian 24 hours, 

 25 or 30 carp may be safely shipped in an ordinary covered 4-quart tin 

 pail. 



WHiere the temperature is kept below 60^ Fah., and freezing is 

 avoided, it is probable that tlie fish may be 6 or 7 days en route without 

 loss or injury. Some modification of the pail to prevent loss of water 

 by slopping over is desirable, and it is to be presumed that the ingenuity 

 of our fish-culturists will quickly supi^ly the want. 



Washington, December 25, 1881. 



IIVTRODUCTaOIV OF THE AtiAIVO OR ORFE INTO EIVGliAIVD. 



[From The Field, March 28, 1875, 299.] 



One of the few fresh-water fishes which have a wide range over the 

 continent of Europe, but are not found in the British Islands, is the 

 "aland'' or "nerlliug" of the Germans, the "id" of the Swedes, named 

 Leuciscus idus or melanotns by ichthyologists. It may be shortly char- 

 acterized as a chub with smaller scales; for whilst the chub has, at the 

 most, forty-six scales along the lateral line, the aland has never less 

 than fifty-six, and sometimes as many as sixty; in its habits also it much 

 resembles the chub, but prefers large to small streams, and inhabits 

 lakes as well as rivers. Its usual size is about twelve inches, but it is 

 known to have attained to a length of eighteen and twenty inches, and 

 a weight of six i)ounds. 



Normally this fish has the same coloration as the chub, being some- 

 what darker on the back; and, consequently, the two species have been 

 constantly confounded with each other, and described under the same 

 names, even to within a very recent ])eriod. However, for more than 

 two centuries a singular variety, with bright colors like those of, a gold- 

 fish, has been cultivated in lakes and ponds of Bavaria, especially near 



