( 49t) ) 



of 7nemnon, tailed and tailless, those of jxib/tes, and also those of aegem ormenus, 

 though iudividnally ver)- variable in the vaginal armature, agree with one another 

 (respectively) in these organs. Miirked dimorphism, in which the two forms are not 

 connected by intergradations (tailed and tailless female of P. mcmnon), we have noi 

 noticed in the genital armature, unless f. 171 and 173, in which the lateral ridge 

 is not divided, and f 174 and 175, in which the lateral ridge is divided into the 

 two ridges o and u, represent a kind of dimorpliism ; both the simple and the 

 divided ridge occur in tailed as well as in tailless individuals of P. memnon : inter- 

 gradations between the two develojiments of tlie lateral ridge are unknown to us, 

 but may occur. 



Of e(jually great interest are those cases in which a specimen of a certain 

 subspecies resembles another subsjiecies externally, but stands further away from 

 this subspecies in the genital armature than another specimen does that externally 

 is dissimilar to the subspecies. We recall to mind the two individuals of/", ar/steus 

 kermocrates from the Shan States mentioned on p. 487, and add that, if variation 

 in pattern and variation in the sexual organs were in any way connected with one 

 another, one would have expected that the paler individual resembling certain 

 Sikkim specimens of anticrates had the dorsal lobe of the valve broader than the 

 other individual, wliich in pattern is like dark Philippine examples ; as, however, 

 just the reverse is the case, the broader dorsal lobe of the valve and the narrower 

 and shorter black bands of anticrates, and the naiTower dorsal lobe and more extended 

 black bands of hermocrates, must be considered as independent characters. 



It is possible that there are species in wliich a great variability, resp. constancy, 

 of the ])attern of the wing is associated with a great variability, resp. constancy, 

 in the sexual armatnre, but so much is certain that in all the species we 

 have examined there is no correlation between the directions in which the wings and 

 the sexual armatnre vary. Hence we may pronounce it as a general law that the 

 direction of the cariatioii of t/ie ijenital armature within a species of Papilio is 

 entirely independent of the variation of the irim/s. 



We need scarcely mention that this law applies also to other Lepidoptera ; our 

 researches in groups other than Papilio are, however, so limited that wc prefer for 

 the present to express the law as above. It would be of great interest to study the 

 variation of the genital armature of specimens which have artiticially been exposed 

 to transmuting factors, such as heat and cold, and to compare the results with 

 those arrived at by the examination of the individuals roaming at large. Most 

 jHYibably the artiticially produced colour-varieties will be normal in the genital 

 armatnre. To this conclusion we are led by the experience gained from the 

 examination of seasonally dimorphic s]ieeies. AVe paid special attention to the 

 copulatory apparatus of such species with the hope of finding in one or the otlier 

 Papilio differences in the apparatus of tiie sj)ring and summer brood (or broods), 

 hut completely failed to come across a species wliich, both in the wing-markings 

 and in the sexual organs, showed seasonal dimorphism. The spring forms of the 

 Japanese P. machaon, P. xuthus, and P. sarpedon are in the harpe and the vaginal 

 armature the same as the differently coloured respective summer forms, and so it is 

 with the Sikkimese species which exhibit in the wings a marked seasonal di- 

 morphism (7-". sarpedon, chianthus, ean/pyhis, bathi/cles). In the case of winter 

 and summer forms it is therefore evident that the influences which bring about a 

 cliange in the wings have no apparent elfect on the sexual armatnre. This cor- 

 roborates the above statement of the independence of the variation of the sexual 



