( 473 ) 



b. /'. (h'pilis nocohibernkus; f. 68, '19, and 71. 



The liarpe is ven' slightly diflferent from that of (lepHi:! di'piUs; the portion of 

 the veatral ridge which is produced into the ventri-apical hook foi'ms a slight angle 

 with the basal portion of the ridge, being a little more curved dorsal Ij' than in 

 depilis depilis; the vertical dentate ridge is shorter than in that subspecies. 



In three out of four examples the ventral ridge is highest beyond the middle, 

 as iu f. 68 and 69 ; while in the fourth specimen the dilatation takes place before 

 the middle in a somewhat similar way as in f. 53. The basal hook (e) is in f. 68 

 scarcely indicated; in f. 68 it is as strong as in many ei.ichenor. The dorsal ridge is 

 generally shaped as in f. 71, but tlie teeth are sometimes much feebler than hi 

 the figure. 



The facts of variation illustrated by f. .51 to 71 are as follows : — 



(1) In the two closely allied species P. euchenor and P. depilis the armature of 

 the valve is built up after exactly the same plan, but in the detail of structure there 

 are consjiicuons differences. 



(2) The subsjiecies of euchenor from New Guinea an<l that from "Woodlark 

 present iu the specimens examined no constant difi'erence except iu the oblicj[ue fold 

 (r/) ; the subspecies from Aru is so slightly different that the distinguishing 

 character is scarcely noticeable if one does not compare several specimens; the Kei 

 Island individuals are more obviously different than the Aru specimens (and represent 

 probably another local form). The two subspecies of depilis are, according to the 

 seven specimens examined, slightly different in the male genital armature. 



(3) The individual variation within each subspecies is such that the differences 

 between the harpes of several individuals from the same place (and hence most 

 certainly belonging to the same spccie.s) are more obvious than those of the 

 subspecies inter se. 



(4) The only specimen known of tlie aberration P. euchenor euchenor ab. 

 eutropius, which is abnormal in the pattern of the forewing, does not present any 

 peculiarity in the genital armature. 



9. Papilio cloanthus ; f 14'.i to l.Jo. 



The range of this insect is rather widely interrupted, the species being found all 

 over North India, Upper Burma, and Central and Western China, and again iu the 

 mountainous regions of N.E. Sumatra; from the mountains of Malacca, Tenasserim, 

 and Siam P. cloanthus is not known. The external features of the specimens from 

 the various localities are such that we can group the individuals according to 

 locality in three forms: an Indian, a Chinese, and a Sumatran form. The first two 

 are not always distinguishable in i)attern, and hence are <'ertainly not sjiecilically 

 distinct from one another. The Sumatran specimens, at least all individuals of our 

 long series (forty odd examples), are constantly different in the colour and extent 

 of the markings; the divergency from Indian s])ecimens is, however, not very con- 

 spicuous, which will be admitted if we call to raiud that de Niceville* especially 

 says that the Sumatran insect is " identical " with the Indian one. As the minute- 

 ness of the distinguishing characters of the insect is, according to what has been 

 said in the introductory notes, a priori no objection to the constantly found charac- 

 ters being of sjiecific value, there must be other reasons brought forward which 



• Jnurn. .!.«. Sm-. litntj. p. 52ii. ii. (i07 (ISilli). 



32 



