( 460 ) 



ssasouii], and geogriij)liical polj'morphism in the sexual armature. Ami if" sueh 

 variation be iband, tlie next task would be to compare this variation with that 

 of the external organs, especially with that of the wings, in order to see, first, 

 whether the genital organs and the pattern of the wings were independent of one 

 another in respect to their variation ; secondly, whether, in sjiite of this independ- 

 ence, there are certain kinds of varieties wliich are characterised by more or less 

 constant pecnliarities in the wing-pattern associated with, but not correlated to, 

 peculiarities in the geuital armature. As such varieties couhl easily bo mistaken (in 

 fact, have largely been mistaken) for distinct species, and hence would have tlie 

 ajipearance of incipient species, and as, further, the divarication of a sjiecies can come 

 about only by means of branching into subspecies, we could a priori expect to find 

 such a combination of characters in geographical races or subspecies. 



As the present paper stands in close connection with the classificatory investiga- 

 tion on the Papilios we are carrying on, the researches here demonstrated are 

 restricted to that group of insects ; and this we deem the more necessary, 

 because the correctness of the results of sxich work depends to a great extent on 

 the full acquaintance with the various forms dealt with. Though in a monograj)]! 

 of the Papilios all the forms of all the species must be taken into consideration, we 

 have abstained from treating ujion all the Palaearctic and ludo-Australian Papilios 

 in this paper for the good reason that, as in every form at least all the more 

 prominent varieties in the genital armature have to be described and figured, 

 the detail of the paper would be so immense that in consequence of the great 

 amount of detail the single facts of variation would be much obscured. Hence we 

 have thouglit it best to demonstrate the variation of the genital armature on a small 

 number of species which have been so selected that they very well illustrate, first, 

 the amount of variation ; secondly, the kind of variation ; and thirdly, both tlie 

 amount and kind of variation within several, morphologically very dilierent, gronjis 

 of Papilio. 



As far as we know, systematists have, as regards Lepidoptera, only made nse of 

 the male genital armature for diagnostic purposes. Salvin * mentions the j)resence 

 of a kind of armature at the orifice of the vagina, but lias not succeeded, in conse- 

 quence of an inadequate method of preparation, in bringing it forward for the 

 purpose of classification. We first came across the vaginal armature when we 

 studied the morphology of the abdomen of the Papilios with a view of discovering 

 characters which could lielj) us in coming to a decision about the extent of the genera 

 into which the Pajiilios must be classified, and soon found out, on the one side, that 

 the morphology of the abdomen of iha females, including the vaginal armature, 

 presents excellent generic characters to the systematist (compare PI. XIX., f. 181, 

 182), and, on the other side, that tlie detail of the structure was of the highest 

 taxonomic value as to the dciiniitation of sjiecies. Therefore we have selected a few 

 of the species examined to illustrate the peculiar structure and the variaticm of the 

 vaginal armature, and the form of tlie eighth abdominal segment. 



A. Mai,k Genital Akmati-re. 



The clasping ajiparatus of the mnln comjirises three organs : (1) a dorsal hook 

 <-alle(l by Gosse luu-us : (2) the lateral rn/rrs or rlnspcrs, bearing on the inner side 

 ridges, teeth, ami hooks called hnrpc\ and (3) the scajikium, which is situated 



• Jihl. Cmtrall-Amer., niiop. II. ji. 18(1 (1890). 



