( 486 ) 



That these four forms are really (me species there can scarce!}' be any donbt, for 

 the distinguishing characters are hy no means jjerfectly constant. 



P. aristeus, rliesm, paron, antiphatcs, etc., ami all the green Eastern Papilios 

 have in nenration a prominent character in common : in all of them the first sub- 

 costal branch is incariahbj anastomosed to the costal nervnre. The relationship 

 indicated by this phenomenon is doubtless blood-relationship, not simjily form- 

 rolatioushij), as the strncture of the larvae, pnjiae, and the morjiholoufy of the 

 imagines point in the same direction. The form of the ninth abdominal segment in 

 the male, and especially that of the eighth in the female, is in several groups of 

 Inxlian Papilios with that peculiarity in the nenration morphologically similar, while 

 those segments arc in /'. podalirhcs, ajax, and allies, wliich have a siijierficial 

 resemblance to arisfeus, antipltates, etc., of quite a different form (compare f. ISI. 

 podulirius ?, and 182, sarpec/on ?). 



The peculiar form of the valve of P. aristeus will easily be nnderstot)d if one 

 compares with f 72 {aristeus anticrates) the valve of P. sarpedon (f. 06). 



The apical sinus which in sarpedon occuj)ies the middle of the ajiex is in 

 aristeus more dorsal and is very narrow ; in a view perpendicular on the ))lane of 

 the valve, as in f. 72, the sinus is concealed by a brush-like orgau (b) ; but in 

 f. 75, which represents the brush-like orgau from the veutral side {minus the 

 bristles), the narrow sinus between a and b is visible. 



The organ h is homologous to the dorsal lobe of the valve of sarpedon, and 

 therefore will here be called so. The ventral lobe of the valve {a) is very broad 

 and rounded, or somewhat triangular. The position of the two lolies against 

 one another can easily be imitated with the thumb (representing the dorsal 

 lobe) and the four other fingers (representing the ventral lobe) by moving the 

 thumb inwards. 



The middle portion of the inner edge of the thick an<l raised ventral margin of 

 the valve is furnished with short bristles. 



The armature of the valve is also homologous to that of sarpedon. The usual 

 •old of the inner sheath begins ventrally at the base of the valve, is soon curved a 

 little dorsally, and then suddenly raised into a strongly chitinised, denticulate, 

 ridge (c) ; from here the fold turns dorsally and becomes soon dilated into a long 

 process (e), the subapieal tooth of sarpedon, whicli we shall call subapiral 

 process ; this process leans strongly over dorsally and ajiically, is curved, and 

 penetrates between the dorsal and ventral lobe of the valve, so that its tip is visible 

 when the valve is viewed i'rom the dorsal side. The 2)Osition of the subdorsal 

 ])rocess will become clear from f. 75 aud 82. 



The variation according to individuals and according to locality atl'ects the 

 dorsal Idbe {b), the ventral denticulate ridge (c), and the subdorsal process (c). 



a. /'. aristeus anticrates from Sikkim and Assam; f. 72, 73, 75. 



The dorsal lobe of the valve is always very broad ; its free ajucal jjortion is 

 ovate. The outline is not always tlie same : sometimes the lobe is a little slenderer 

 tlian in f 75, which rej)resents tlie average form and is taken from a Sikkim 

 (■.xamjile ; sometimes it is a little shorter. 



The ventral ridge appears in the view from above (f. 72, Sikkim individual) 

 almost straight; the ridge is concave dorsally, its middle jiortion being more 

 ventral than the basal and apical edge. When seen from the dorsal side (f 73) 

 the denticidatiim of the ridge is more prominent ; in all specimens examined 



