( 495 ) 



175, o) anil iuner ridge (//j. The ontliue of the ventral and lateral ridges is very 

 variable, as f. 172 to 175 show. 



The supravaginal tnbercle and the anal segment are represented in f. 177; 

 the tubercle is similar to that of P. aegeus, but it is surrounded bj' two rather heavy 

 folds which in aegeus are scarcely marked. 



22. Papilio alcinous; f. 179 and 180. 



The vaginal orifice is more ventral than in the preceding species, and the 

 armature is very simple. Just above the vagina the membrane is smooth and more 

 strongly chitinised, and bears a roundish impression (f. 179, /). From the lower 

 edge of the eighth segment downwards extends a broad fold, /, which is also more 

 chitinised than the rest of the intersegmental membrane, especially at two points 

 wliere the fold has a bulbose ap]iearance. 



We have examined but two individuals each of the Chinese P. alcinous conftisus 

 and the Japanese P. alcinous alcinous, and find some obvious distinguishing 

 characters between the two subspecies. In the Chinese form (f. ISO) the mem- 

 brane underneath the orifice of the vagina is strongly folded longitudinally, in the 

 Japanese insect tlie membrane is smootli there ; the supravaginal impression i is in 

 confusus small, in alcinous large; the lateral fold is in confusus extended down to 

 the ventral side as a conspicuously raised fold, while in alcinous the ventral portion 

 of the fold is only slightly raised. A specimen from the Loo Choo Islands we unfor- 

 tunately could not compare. 



In the so-called nauseous species of Papilio allied to alcinous, pliiloxenus. and 

 aristolochiae the vaginal armature is as a rule very simple. 



23. Papilio podalirius ; f. ISl. 



We figure the end of the abdomen of this European species for two reasons : 

 first, because it enables the reader who is not acquaiuted with the exotic Papilios 

 to com])ave the two common European species; and secondly, because the form of 

 the eighth segment is entirely dirterent from that of the Asiatic P. antiphatex. 

 aristeus, etc., which bear a superficial resemblance in pattern to P. podalirius. 



The vaginal orifice is more dorsal, or rather apical, than in the preceding and 

 following species here dealt with ; the membrane round the orifice is strongly 

 chitinised, forming a round jilate-like organ, the edge of which is raised ; the 

 middle portion of the organ gradually raises and is highest just underneath the 

 vaginal orifice; near the ventral edge of the eighth segment the edge of the discus- 

 like organ fuses together with a strong oblique fold which is parallel to the ventral 

 margin of that segment. The latter itself is incomplete, there being no ventral 

 plate to it, but the posterior lateral angles almost meet above the vagina ; the 

 segment thus stands in development intermediate between the preceding species and 

 the species here following. In the American allies of P. podalirius {P. ajax, etc.) 

 the eighth segment is as in podalirius (or nearly so), and not as in antiphntcs 

 and aristeus, which have it as in f. 182 (or nearly so). In P. leosthenes from 

 Australia the segment agrees on the whole also with that of podalirius, and has also 

 in P. mandarinus no ventral i)late. Hence, in the development of the eightii 

 abdominal segment podalirius, leosthenes, ajax, would be more nearly related to 

 one another than to aristeus, antheus, etc., a statement which stands in direct 

 opposition to the kind of relation at which Professor Eimer arrives by his inter- 

 pretation of the wiug-pattern ; while, on the other hand, the absence of a ventral 



