( 507 ; 



fesj)eot with (lodiiiqensis from tUe Northern Moluccas, which agiiiu has the liarpe 

 and valve different from those of anthedon, aud is moreover distinguished from its 

 colour-ally by the presence of au additional red spot on the underside of the hind- 

 wing. This spot is presL'ut only in (hdingensis and the two Celebensian forms, 

 milon found at lower elevations, and monticolus discovered recently at higher 

 elevations on Mount Bonthain. The mountain form monticolus agrees in colour 

 with sarpedon sarpedon from India and the Suuda Islands, also with the three 

 representatives from the lesser Sunda Islands, comes in the shape of the liand of 

 the forewing near dodingensis, agrees in the size of the third spot with timorensis, 

 stands in the male genital armature intermediate between milou aud dodingensis, 

 and hence differs in this resjiect obviously from sarpedon, has the before-mentioned 

 red spot like milon and dodingensis, and differs from milon conspicuously in the 

 shape of the wings, in which it agrees with sarpedon from the greater Sunda 

 Islands. Would it really be possible to infer from such characters which contradict 

 each other, pointing each in a certain direction of its own, the history of the origin 

 oi c/ioredon, dodingensis, monticolus, etc.? Does not such a mixture of relations in 

 opposite directions rather indicate that the similarities and dissimilarities found in 

 representative forms are no signs of a closer or less close phylogenetic connection, 

 and that we have to search for another explanation of the phenomena which will 

 meet the contradiction of the characters ? 



Fapilio aristeus anticrates from North India resembles the Quceuslandian 

 representative parmutus so much in pattern that Professor Eimer in his somewhat 

 superficial work on the Papilios allied to podalirius (" Schwalbeuschwanze '") did 

 not perceive the slight differences ; whereas in the development of the valve and 

 harpe anticrates and parmatus are opposite extremes. The forms inhabiting the 

 interjacent countries are all much darker, and therefore have a closer resemblance to 

 each other than to anticrates and parmatus (apart from some intergraduate examples). 

 Hence the forms geograj)hically widest apart would, according to the colour, be the 

 nearest " related." The valve and harpe, however, are in parmatus exactly as in 

 the externally different aristeus from the Moluccas, which again could be inter- 

 preted as being au expression of close relationship. In hermocrates from Burma, 

 Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and the lesser Snnda Islands, the genital armature 

 stands somewhat intermediate between that of anticrates and parmatus, but agrees in 

 the form of the ventral dentate ridge obviously better with that of the first. As 

 liermocrates and aristeus are connected by intergradatious (occurring in Burma) in 

 the wing-pattern as well as in the genital armature, au arrangement of the four 

 allied forms according to the similarity in pattern would be thus : parmatus 

 (Queensland and New (jixxxxi^s^— anticrates (India)— /ier««)c';-rtte (Borneo, Philippines, 

 lesser Suuda Islands) — aristeus (Blolnci-is) ; while the arrangement according to 

 the similarity in the organs of copulation would be this : a/tticratea — hermocrates — 

 aristeus — parmatus. 



The representative occurring on the island of Celebes (and some islands south 

 of it) is treated as a distinct species (by Eimer even as belonging to a widely 

 different group). In the wing-markings it agrees best with hermocrates, but has 

 mostly one band less ; in the forewings being falcate it comes again closer to 

 hermocrates, which is also geographically the nearest form, than to aristeus, 

 anticrates, or parmatus. As rhesus is au exaggerated development of P. aristeus, 

 differing from it in a similar way as androcles (Celebes) does from untiphates (India 

 and Malayan Islands, Philippines, Moluccas), it sounds very reasonable to consider 



