( 351 ) 



NOTES OX THE MORPHOLOGY OF r//.l/,'.lA7;.s AND ALLIES. 



When Mr. Rothschild aslu'd me to give an account of tlie niorpliology of 

 C'/ifrra.i-es and allies, he did so with the special view of ascertaining such 

 facts as might help, on the one hand, to define the genera that form the snlijert 

 of this monograph more accnratelj' than had hitherto been done, and, on the other 

 hand, to find ont the affinities of the species within each genus. As the obje('t 

 of this account is thus restricted, I have dealt with those parts of the body only 

 wliich exhibit peculiar characters that can be understood without an extensive 

 comparison with the structure of other liutterflies aud of which the bearing on 

 classification is also more obvious. Besides the wing, I have taken into account 

 the structure of the legs and the end of the abdomen, in so far as these parts furnish 

 distinguishing characters whicli are of value for the purposes to be served by this 

 monograph. 



It is well known that the scales of the wings are arranged in rows which run 

 at right angles (or nearly so) to the veins. On the npperside the veins of GIutraa-eK 

 and other Xymphalids are little prominent in the outer region of the wing, being 

 longitudinally impressed, as shown by f 10 (PI. XIIL). The rows of scales nm 

 right across the veins, though the scales themselves are mostly more elongate npon 

 and near the veins. The costal edge of the wing is somewhat thickened in front 

 of the costal nervure, this vein-like thickening, or false vein, as well as the extreme 

 edge of the wing being densely scaled in most Lepidoptera. In the denuded wing 

 (PI. XIIL f. 8, Parthp.nos) one sees the rows of scale-sockets extend close to the 

 costal edge ; the edge itself is entire, thin, membraneous, in the normal Nymphalid 

 wing. The scales at the costal edge are strongly inserted and cannot easily be 

 rubbed off. 



On the underside the veins are convex, except the second submediau one of 

 the hindwing, which is concave below. In most Lepidoptera the rows of scales 

 cross the veins, as in f. (S (PI. XIIL), but in a great many instances, namely in 

 most (not all) Lepidoptera with very prominent neuration, the veins are scaleless ; 

 in some cases the sockets of the scales, or the impressed punctures into wliich the 

 scales are inserted, are still traceable, while in others {Charaxes, Palla, Kulepis, 

 Euxanthe, PapiUo, etc.) all traces of the scaling are lost on the veins, at least 

 in the distal region of the wings. The costal edge of the forewing appears generally 

 more vein-like below than above ; the vein-like structure is divided by a furrow 

 into an anterior narrow and a posterior wider portion. The rows of scales, which 

 are regular, extend also below to the very edge of the wing (PI. XIIL f. 9). 



In Eulrpix, Charaxes, Euxanthe, and Palla the costal edge has undergone a 

 v ry peculiar modification, the edge not being entire, but serrate, as has been 

 noticed by several authors (Trimen, Moore, etc.).* The rows of scale-sockets are 

 seen in f. 3 (PI. XIIL) to extend to the very edge of the wing, which is not 

 membraneous as in f. 8 ; the scale-sockets are deeply impressed and the vein-like 

 edge of the wing is somewhat raised behind them, so that in a view from above the 

 costal margin appears serrate nr toothed, the serration being formed by ridges 

 running round the thickened costal edge to tlie underside. In V.nxantht' and Palla, 



* Snellen remarks in lijdsch: r. Ent. XXXVHI. p. ir. (189,'i) that the serration of the costal edge 

 of the forewing of Charaxes iias, to his knowledge, not liccn noticed by other nnthors. Trimen, however, 

 mentioned that peculiarity of " C7i«ra.r(»" already in his SkuIIi African litiHerJiiet, ed. 1 1. 



