( 395 ) 



hairs of the setiferous punctures, it would be of high interest to ascertain, whether 

 there is anything in the biology, of Papilionidae and Ni/itiiihaliilae which wonld 

 explain the great development of the punctures in these families, especially iu 

 oj)position to the IJesperiidae and Lycaeiiidae where the punctures are (entirely ?) 

 absent. 



d. Configuration of the Ventral Surface. — In connection with the restriction ol' 

 the tine sense-hairs to one, two, or three patches, the configuration of the ventral 

 surface of the joints undergoes a modification which distinguishes the antennae 

 with restricted sense-hairs widely from those which have these sensory organs 

 evenly distributed over the not-scaled ventral area. The ventral surface of the 

 joints is in the Butterflies with the latter mode of distribution of the fine sense- 

 hairs simply convex; sometimes the joints are slightly compressed, or narrowed 

 towards the base. Here belong all Ilrsperiidae and Lijcacuidae, as' well as many 

 Paptlionidae. In the latter family we meet with many species that have the fine 

 seiise-hairs restricted to the proximal portion of each joint, bnt have preserved the 

 simply convex ventral surface ; in other Papilionidae the joints of the club bear 

 a very irregular basal impression {Pania.-isiinac), which is more rounded (iff on the 

 .loints of the stalk, though never becoming quite regular in outline. It is especially 

 noteworthy that the impressions are different in the various joints and also in 

 different specimens of the same species, and that in certain species {Parms-iius 

 apollo) some specimens are without such impressions. Another group of Papilio- 

 mdae, namely the species allied to Papilio podalirius, shows in certain sjiecies 

 {P. leost/ienes, for instance) two grooves close to the mesial line on the joints of 

 the stalk, the grooves extending in a basi-apical direction, while other forms of the 

 same group have the joints convex or slightly raised in the middle line. A constant 

 development of two grooves is found in the Papiliouids which feed on Aristolochiaceac 

 and allied plants {Papilio priamas, hector, sesostris, etc.) ; the grooves are iu this 

 section of Papilionidae ovate, varying in depth and length in the different species, 

 stand always rather widely apart, and never extend from the base to the apex of 

 the joint ; the mesial portion of the joints separating the grooves is simply convex, 

 sometimes subtriangular in a transverse section. The Nymphalidne have also tw(j 

 grooves to a joint in all the species ; but in this family an additional modification 

 of the ventral surface is found in all the members (except a very few, in which the 

 character is obliterated, as we shall see later on) : that is the development of three 

 carinae, a mesial one and two lateral ones, which occur only in NymphaUdac, not 

 in any other Lepidojitera. In Calinarja the grooves resemble in shape and position 

 those of Papilio priamua and allies (Pharmacophaijua), but are very deep; the 

 intersjiuce between them is also convex as in those Papilios, but bears a distinct 

 mesial carina (f. 47); the lateral carinae are developed only at the dorsal edges of 

 the grooves and are not very obvious. In the Acraeinae the mesial, not impressed, 

 portion of the joints is mostly also rather broad, bnt has a conspicuous carina, and 

 here the lateral keels bordering the grooves dorso-lateraUy are well developed, 

 extending from the base to tlie ajiex of the joint. In most other Nymphalidae the 

 grooves stand very close together, being separated from each other only by the high 

 mesial carina ; the lateral carinae are generally less high than the mesial one, but 

 are nevertheless conspicuous. The grooves on the stalk run mostly from the base 

 to the apex of the joint, while on the club they are in many cases more shallow, 

 especially at the apex of the joint. In the species with extended scaling the 

 iuterno-veutral groove becomes on the stalk often covered with scales, tvhile the 



