( 377 ) 



organs ftiil; and secoiully, I was, in conseiineuce of the adoption of this method of 

 research, enabled to compare man}- thousands of specimens, inclnsive of great 

 rarities and aberrant forms which no museum can allow to fall a victim to the 

 microtome. 



The organs of the anteinia which are the princi]ial subject of this paper are the 

 following four : — 



(1) Scales, covering generally the dorsal surface of the antenna, but very often 

 also developed ventrally, and in many cases absent. 



(2) Fine sense-hairs,* covering the not-scaled ventral surface of the joints or 

 j)art of it, much varying in length, sometimes different in the two se.xes of a species; 

 sometimes very short and rather broad; mostly of a silvery hue. 



(3) Setiferous punctures, found especially at the sides of the joints in those 

 families where the fine sense-hairs are restricted in extent {yi/mphalidae, Papi- 

 lioitif/iu-); the puncture is generally rather conspicuous, the seta very short. There 

 is no distinct line of separation between (3) aud (2). 



(4) Sense-bristles, standing on the scaled and not-scaled portion of the joints, 

 varying much iu length, often regularly arranged. 



To these four sjjecial organs coiues as a fifth feature of the antenna the often 

 peculiarly specialised configuration of the surface of the joints. 



A. Descrlftion of the Antennae of Butterflies. 



To give the description of all the antennae examined would mean a very lengthy 

 paper, which would be of little value, firstly, because it would not give the description 

 of the antennae of all the species known, since I have certainly not examined them 

 all, and secondly, because it would reijuire an extensive summary, if the reader 

 should be enabled to see in each family the state of development of the various 

 organs mentioned above. I give, therefore, a description of the features of the 

 antennae of a family or subfamily as a whole, and mention genera and species 

 merely as examples at which this or that state of development may be observed. 

 Hence the mentioning of a generic or sjiecitic name does not mean that a ceitain 

 feature occurs iu that genus or species only, unless this be expressly stated. 



1. HESPERIIDAE. 



As in many other butterflies and some Moths, the joints of the club of the 

 antennae of the Hespcriidne are longer and wider ventrally than dorsally; if the 

 difference between the dorsal and ventral expansion is great, the club assumes 

 necessarily the form of a hook, a character which we meet with in most Hesperiidae 

 and to snch a degree iu no other Lejndoptera, and hence may be called a typically 

 Hesperid character. On the other hand, there is a good number of Hespcrids in 

 which the ventral expansion of the club is not greater or even less {Aegiale kollari) 

 than in many other Butterflies. 



The joints are either cylindrical or conical, those of the club sometimes slightly 

 flattened, or their ventral surface is mesially somewhat raised (f. 4, EiUlieiis 

 ge/ifius, 1779); there are never costa-like raised lines, or grooves. 



The scaling is very much extended ; in nearly all sjjecies it covers the whole 



* For literature upon tlie histology of the various kinds of sense-organs of the antennae see Bodine, l.c. 



