( 452 ) 



In Orthogenesis, p. 471 (note), a reference is given to Doherty's observation 

 that there is a dry and a wet season form of Butterflies iu India, this observation 

 being advanced as an argnment for the contention that the leaf-like form of certain 

 Butterdy-wings is inunediately dne to the direct influence of external conditions, 

 such as heat and cold, not to selection. The reference reads: " According to Doherty 

 and Dc McL'ville, moisture and dryness (dry heat!) have great influence upon the 

 shape of the wing." No, it is not dry heat which produces the dry season form in 

 Northern India ; the dry season is the cold season ! 



If we notice that, according to ArthiUhimj , a character develops in exactly the 

 opposite direction in members of one and the same species, one should conclude that 

 this phenomenon was due to differences in the lot^al conditions of life. Though this 

 is conceded in many places in Artbildung, yet the author was so convinced of a 

 difTerence in tlie constitution of the insects being really the prima caum of the 

 direction Evolution takes, that he contends that insular forms are not necessarily the 

 outcome of the special conditions of life of the locality, but may originate because 

 the inert general directions of development remain entirely potent in the new locality 

 (II. pp. 9, 10). "Much more important changes in the original direction of the 

 development," continues the author in Artbildiimj II. p. 11, "than result from 

 external conditions in connection with local separation, occur frequently iu the 

 middle of the area of a species, and lead either gradually or suddenly to the origin of 

 new species. ... By these facts, for which the Swallow-tails furnish specially pro- 

 minent examples, the importance of geographical separation for the origin of species 

 is much diminished." What are called " facts " here are contentions. Contentions 

 are not facets before they have been proved. Let us then see the evidence upon 

 which this proof is founded. 



(1) " Abarten may be geographically separated or not. For ' Abarteu ' originate 

 also in the midst of the individuals of the ])arent form, as is self-evident from the 

 laws of definite direction of development, or Orthogenesis. Snch ' Abarten' become 

 gradually . . . species." — Is it really self-evident ? No, these " Abarten " will not 

 become " Arten," though the species may become dimorphic. 



(2) " Papilio protesilaus telesilaus occurs in the midst of the area oi F. protesilaus, 

 where it has perhaps also originated" (II. p. 10). — Whether f'^/fWifaMi* has originated 

 in the midst of jirotcsilaus is the question at issue, which must not be merely 

 assumed to be answered. 



(3) " The asterias group has originated in the midst of the area of 7nachaon " 

 (II. p. 11). — Do we know that? If asterias is a derivation from 7)iachaon, wh&t 

 facts are against its having originated as a geogra])hical race ? Machaon could have 

 subsequently migrated into the area of astcriax, and the latter into that of the 

 former. 



(4) A case similar to that of asterias (II. j). 11) we meet with in the ttirtms 

 group, where, as " Abart " of the. female of /'. tunms, the blackish " Abart " glaucus, 

 which is also in other respects somewhat modified as comjiared with tnriiits, suddenly 

 appears. — This illustration of the origin of s])ecies in the midst of the area of the 

 parent form is not well chosen, because glaucus is not iu the midst of turnus ; it 

 is a iowih-cssicm female, that occasionally is found farther north. It is also not 

 correct to say that it has suddenly originated ; three are transitions to the ordinary 

 form known, and there is no evidence against this black form having lieen evolved 

 gradually, instead of //er saltum as maintained in Artbildung. 



(u) '' Epistasis it is {Orthogenesis, p. ~1) by which new species may originate 



