( 547 ) 



for jasoii and pyrrhns, giving Pupltia, Chafuxes, Nymphalis, and Papilio as 

 s_vnouyms. In 1832-:i3 Swainsoii erected lii> genns Jami for jason, and in 1841 

 Blanchard i)nt rarcoies into his .li'emis Phi/llophasis, together with an American 

 Nymphalid. 



In 184"^ Lncas descrilied Gmhn-tin wit]i mcuhtfjattcariensis &% the type, while in 

 1830 Westwood, disregardini;- llul)iier's tonus Pall/i. and Coea, whicli ho gives as 

 synonyms, invented the term I'l/ilof/nomd for carune.a and decim. In more recent 

 times Kirby pnt varaites into I'uUa, Mabille proposed the term Monura for zingha, 

 and Moore divided the Indian species into fonr genera, employing the term Charaxes, 

 inventing two new names, HarirlrK and Min-irni-pda, and accepting by mistake the 

 word Enlepis, fii-st nsed by Billberg in 1 sv!i) as a '• nomen nndnm " for something else ; 

 while Bntler in 1895 united xmder one name CImraxes all the species of onr 

 Charnxes and Eulepis, inclusive of trne Palht, but exclusive of zinqJm. Of the 

 eighteen generic terms used subsequently to Linnaeus to designate the various 

 species treated of in this paper (namely yi/tujtliaUs, I'apliin, Cliamxes, Tii/ridia, 

 T\rihoeu, Coea, Fal/a, Uoxoeopa, IJ/ixa/itkr, Pohjura, Ja.sia, Plii/Uophasis, Goclurtia, 

 PMlognoma , Monura, Haridra, Eulepis, and Murwareda), only fonr will be able to 

 stand, together with anew genns, the others being reduced to synonyms or synonyms 

 "pro parte." There are, among the insects we are examining, to my mind only five 

 genera whose limits can be sharply and logically defined, the types of which are 

 respectively athumas, jason, ciirinome, trojunus, and de.cim ; the distinctions on 

 which the remaining " genera " are founded not being snch as to warrant generic 

 separation, the chief distingnishing characters employed being the extremely 

 variable outline of the wings. 



To the two species of the genera in question known to Linnaeus in 1767, Cramer 

 added fourteen more, two from the East {jiohjxena, euryalus) and twelve from 

 Africa {raranes, zingha, pollux, pelias, castor, hnifus, lucretius, etheocles, tiridates, 

 xipharrs, deeius, eurinome). Goeze, who gave names to all those figures of insects 

 of Seba, Thesaurus IV., which he thought to be unnamed, addi'd only one new name, 

 canomaculatus, which falls (fortunately) as a synonym of pi/rrhus (Seba's fignre 

 represents pgrrhus, not sempronius, as Mr. Kirby says in Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 748). 

 Drury in lTf<2 described and figured five more species, une from China {atliamas) 

 and fonr from ^Vest Africa (Juodice, eudoxus, anticlea, and eupalc), bosiih's naniing 

 and figuring some forms which had already been l>aptized by Cramer. Fabricins 

 added to the list, in 1781 and l~9i, fabius from India, hernardus from China, and 

 sempronius from Australia, so that at the end of the last century six Indo- 

 Australian and eighteen African forms were known (not one from Madagascar). 

 In the course of this century the number has lieen increased enornionslv, 

 especially in the sixties by Hewitson, Bntler, and Folder. The number of distinct 

 species of the five genera is at the present time over oiu^ hnndred and twenty, 

 and the greater proportion of the species is. moreover, s])lit np into more or less 

 well distingnishod subspecies. More than two-thirds of the species are African, 

 while the rest belong to the Indo-Australian regions, one species of African type 

 inhabiting the Mediterranean conntries of the Piilaearctie region. America has no 

 priimopterous allies of C/iaraxes. 



An account of the (ieograi)hical DistriluUion of the sjiecies will be given at Ihe 

 end of the monograph, as the results will l)e better understood when the reader has 

 become acquainted with the insects in qnestion, and tliere will be given also a 

 resume of the indiviilual variability, the sexual, seasonal, and gcographir.Tl variation. 



