( 555 ) 



Eulepis moon ? knows, or learns lo kiiow, the distiuctioii between its own moori i 

 and the stranger lu:hc by means of the eye, and that Chara-res protoclea 6 finds ont 

 by sight which of the white-marked /«««te of its locality is its ovinfemuli: There 

 must be community iu characters between the sexes of the same species that binds 

 the cospecific individuals together ; the " recognition character " must not only be 

 perceptible, but, what is just as important, it must be intelligible to the individual 

 that perceives it, making the stranger at once a •' familiar " being. A " specific "' 

 odour common to both sexes would be such a recognition character, and the liasal 

 jjatch, so widely distributed in Lepidoptera, may jjossibly be a structure from which 

 such an odour emanates. 



We find, further, at the base of the forewiug below, in the fork formed by the 

 extreme basal portions of the median and upper submedian veins (M and SM'), a 

 small structure, more obvious in the typical Choj-axes than iu the others, which 1 

 believe to be also a glandular organ. SM' is free at the base, then fuses with M, 

 and is soon thrown ofl' again as " mediau spur " ; basad 

 of the SM' there is a concave fold, and between this fold 

 and M the membrane of the wing is somewhat thickened, 

 forming a flat tubercle that is impressed in the middle 

 (G in Fig. 3) ; the tubercle, inclusive of the impression, t-' 

 is covered with many erect long scales, which form a kind 

 of brush. In Palla the organ is rather more tuberculi- 

 form. It is present in both sexes of Eulepis, Gharaxes, 

 Eaxanthe, and Palla, but I cannot say that it is con- 

 fined to these four genera, though I have not seen it in other Lepidoptera. 



The neuration of Chartucs and allies presents several points of interest. 

 Eiu-anthe, as is well known, difters from Charuxes in the subcostal system of the 

 forewiug; the peculiar development of the subcostals in the various species of 

 Euxaiithe will be fully dealt with under that genus. P'dlo agrees with Chnruxes, 

 except that the stalk of the sulicostal fork of the forewiug is longer. In Eulepix 

 the cell of the hindwing is open, U' having disappeared, which does not occur in 

 Charuxes and Palla, but iu all true Eaxantlir. Sometimes the upjier portion of 

 D^ is vestigial, forming a short spur of E'. The black line upon D' of Cliaraxes is 

 also present iu many E'dvph (not in Palla), and in this instance the marking has 

 proved more constant than the nenratiou; but we must bear iu muid that in the 

 undeveloped wing of the chrysalis D= is represented by a trachea most likely also in 

 ludepis, and that the markings of the wing are developed largely according to the 

 distribution of the tracheae of the pupal wing, as is plainly demonstrated by the 

 subcostal fold and the markings near it, this fold being represented in the chrysalis 

 by a trachea and in the more generalized Lepidoptera by a vein. 



The position of D^ of the hindwing is in Ckaraxes very variable according to 

 species, sex, and even individual, the veinlet joining the median nervure either at 

 the point of origin of W (Fig. VZ), or between M' and M-(Fig. 13), standing seldom 

 a little beyond M' (Fig. 11). The genus Vimraxcs cannot, however, be split up into 

 three natural groups according to the position of l)^ as widely different species may 

 agree in that character, while closely allied ones do not. The most interesting fact 

 now is that tlie sexes are often very different in the point of juncture of 1)^ with M, 

 the veinlet being in that case in i\n: female always more basal than in the male. 

 As the sexes are either different or not in the position of the veinlet, we have the 

 following three cases to distinguish (with intergradations) :— 



