( 560 ) 



or clasjier (ix. 1 on PI. XIVa. i. U'i). The ventral part of the segment is wider, 

 beiiifj uxti-ndetl Irnsad into a nmnded rod-like hollow handle, tlic saccns (I'evtoiireau), 

 and bearing close to the elasjiers u semicircnlar groove, the brim of which is more 

 strongly chitinized (ix. v on PI. XIVa. f. 26). The ninth sternite is also enlarged 

 apicad, forming in the cavity laterally bordered by the valves a convex plate of 

 chitine (PI. XIVa. f. '26. ix. PF), which has the middle line more raised and is aiiically 

 prodnced into a curved process (PI. XIVa. f. 25. PF). In a lateral view 

 (PL XIVa. f. 26) the convex ])late ix. v is seen to extend dorsad laterally, thus 

 forming a kind of half-cylinder, or rather funnel, that is closed above by the tenth 

 segment (x. v) : from this funnel protrudes the penis (P). The size and shape 

 of the opening of the penis-funnel, as well as the length, width, and curvature of 

 the process, vary very much according to sjiecies or groups of species, as can be 

 seen from PI. XIVa. f. 37 — 42. In all Eulepis the mouth of the funnel is restricted 

 to the base of the process (f. 37), the latter not being concave above, while in many 

 C/iarajes it extends to near the tip of the process (f. 3'.t. 41). 



The tergite of the tenth segment is soldered together with that of the ninth, 

 forming a strongly chitinized smooth plate (x. d in f. 22 — 29 of PI. XIVa.) of 

 various shapes. The sternite (x. v) is less chitinized, has the sides basaUy 

 dilated veutrad and dorsad, and hence appears convex above and below ; it is, 

 however, generally raised in the middle line when the anus, tliat lies between 

 the tenth sternite and tenth tergite, is closed. The tergite bears many hairs at and 

 near its edge, while the sternite does not. A\'hile the outline of the tenth sternite 

 (as seen from above or below) is generally more or less the same, varying from 

 being more triangular to being nearly semicircular, the tenth tergite offers 

 interesting difl'erences in the various groups of species. We can distinguish two 

 principal types in the shape of the tenth tergite. The first type (PI. XIVa. f. 33) 

 is rounded, with or without tooth at the apex ; the tooth is seldom divided 

 (PL XIVa. f. 34), which can happen in a species that has the tooth generally 

 simple : here belong many Clta raxes and Kulepis. The second type is represented 

 by f. 36 of PL XIVa. ; the tergite is apically produced into two teeth, and the 

 division of the tergite in the middle line into two halves is often indicated almost 

 down to the base : such a tergite is found in many Kulepis, Charuxes, and Eicxaiitlie. 

 It must be pointed out that species wliich are similar in the tenth tergite are not 

 necessarily close relatives. 



The valves are that part of the sexual armature which Lepidopterists generally 

 make use of in the discrimination of s]iecies. In our case these organs are not 

 such good guides as they are in other groups of Lepidoptera ; for I have often 

 failed to find in closely allied species differences in the valves that hold good, for 

 instance in Eule/jis athamas, moori, Itcbe., ('//arauvs hnitus and /loUiw, though 

 these species are otherwise well separated and perfectly distinct. Identity in the 

 valves in C/iarax^s and allies certainly d(ies not mean that the respective insects 

 belong to the same species. 



The valve (PI. XIVa. f -0. ix. I) is produced apically into a hook which appears 

 mostly to be twisted, as a ridge of the inner sheath of the valve, corresponding to 

 the "harpe" of other Lepidoptera, is continued to the tip of the process. This form 

 of the valve is found in the typical Clidni.rcs, thv brown Eastern forms, and others. 

 In the species allied to cthuUon the valve is also produced into an apical process, but 

 the before-mentioned ridge turns towards the ventral edge of the valve just below 

 the ii]iical proc<'ss, where it runs out into a strong, shaip, rather long hook, while in 



