170 FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



his 3-day-old eggs 7 nor that of the sea water either at the beginning or end of his 

 experiment. Since he was working before rigid control of temperature was cus- 

 tomary, it is likely that the specific gravity of the water in his experiment may have 

 been changed by warming. 



In the present example, at least, it is known that the temperature of the water was 

 increasing at the time station 20498 was visited. At the temperature of the water in 

 which the eggs were found on May 17, it takes about 5 days for incubation (p. 167), 

 and it may be estimated that stage C eggs were spawned at least 3 days prior to stage 

 A eggs, hence on May 14, when unfortunately this station was not visited. However, 

 from interpolation (linear) both in space and time between the temperature at station 

 20498 on May 17 and temperature at neighboring stations on May 12, it appears 

 that the density of the water at the surface on May 14 could have been very nearly 

 the density of the water at the 10-meter level on May 17. Hence it is preferable to 

 ascribe the sinking of the late stages to the warming of the water with attendant 

 decrease in density, rather than to an increase in the density of the eggs. 



THE LARVA ' 



Yolk-sac stage.— The newly hatched larva 9 is slightly less than 3 mm. in length, 

 well covered with scattered black pigment spots which tend to be denser dorsally 

 than vcntrally. The eyes are colorless. The region of the gut is occupied by the 

 yolk sac with its oil globule. Both sac and globule are about the same size as they 

 were in the egg. The mackerel is readily distinguished from other similarly marked 

 larvae with which it is found, by its larger size, stouter shape, coarser pigment spots, 

 and its 30 myomeres. 



As development proceeds, the pigment becomes localized on top of the head and 

 along dorsal and ventral edges of the body, the eye becomes black, the yolk sac 

 absorbed, the mouth and gut formed. These changes are completed at a length of 

 4 mm. 



As seen in the laboratory and hatchery, the mackerel swim very feebly during 

 the yolk-sac stage, with short, spasmodic, random movements. Their balancing 

 faculty is undeveloped, their position being indifferently upside down, right side up, 

 and at various angles. At sea they must be totally at the mercy of the water move- 

 ments. 



Larval stage. — As used herein, this stage represents the period beginning after 

 yolk-sac absorption and ending after fin formation, and it includes individuals between 

 4 and 8 mm. in length. In this stage, the mackerel is readily distinguished from other 

 species by the row of black spots of irregular size and spacing along dorsal and ventral 

 edges of the body, beginning about midway between snout and tail and extending 

 almost to the end of the notochord (but not into the fin fold). Those in the dorsal 

 row are less numerous and more widely spaced than those in the ventral. Other 

 species which were found with the mackerel, and which have also such dorsal and 

 ventral rows of pigment, are the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) , 

 which differs from the mackerel by its greater number of myomeres (37-40) and its 



' But he does give the specific gravity of newly spawned, eggs as between 1.02-1 and 1.025, a figure very close to that of surface 

 water at our station 20498. (See fig. 4.) 



> While, the term larva may be applied to the entire planktonic existence, it is convenient to recognize three subdivisions: yolk- 

 sac stage, larval stage, and post-larval stage. 



• This description is based on formaldehyde preserved specimens because this is the form commonly available for study. In 

 life, the newly-hatched larva is longer, measuring 3.1 or 3.2 mm. (distortion and shrinkage decrease the length of preserved specimens), 

 and in addition to the black pigmentation, have yellow and greenish pigment on each side of the head between the eye and otocyst, 

 am! on the surface of the oil globule (Ehrcnbaum, 100S p. 31). 



