190 



FISHERY BULLETESr OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



meter. The following measurements were used in 

 this study : 



Standard length (S.L.). — The distance, parallel 

 to the longitudinal axis of the body, from the tip 

 of the snout to the distal end of the hypural bones. 



Depth. — Shortest distance from insertion of last 

 dorsal spine to insertion of first anal spine. 



Head length. — Distance, parallel to longitudinal 

 axis of the body, from tip of snout to posterior- 

 most point of opercular flap. 



Eye diameter. — Distance, parallel to longitudinal 

 axis of the head, from anteriormost to posterior- 

 most points of bony orbit. 



Dorsal-lobe length. — Shortest distance between 

 insertion of last dorsal spuie and distalmost point 

 of dorsal-fin lobe. 



Anal-lobe length. — Shortest distance between in- 

 sertion of third anal spine and distalmost point of 

 anal-fin lobe. 



Dorsal-base length. — Shortest distance between 

 insertion of first dorsal spine and insertion of last 

 dorsal soft-ray. 



Anal-base length. — Shortest distance between in- 

 sertion of first anal spine and insertion of last anal 

 soft-ray. 



Pectoral length. — Shortest distance between in- 

 sertion of pectoral-fin spine and distalmost point 

 of pectoral fin. 



Pelvic length. — Shortest distance between inser- 

 tion of pelvic-fin spine and distalmost point of 

 pelvic fin. 



Caudal lobe length. — Shortest distance from 

 anteriormost secondary ray of upper caudal lobe 

 to posteriormost point of upper caudal lobe. 



Enumerations 



Nmnerable characters used here are dorsal-, anal-, 

 pectoral-, pelvic-, and caudal-fin formulae; gill-raker 

 and preopercidar-spine coimts; branchiostegal-ray 

 counts; and dentition. 



Spines are represented by Roman numerals and 

 soft rays by Arabic numerals. In small fish inter- 

 spinous membranes are present between the dorsal 

 spines and the anal spines as well as between the 

 posteriormost spines and the anteriormost soft rays. 

 As the fish grows, the interspinous membranes 

 degenerate and the posteriormost spine becomes 

 adnate to the soft fin. Therefore, the posterior- 

 most spine in the dorsal and anal fins is considered 

 part of the soft fin. A specimen bearing a dorsal 

 complement of seven spines and 20 soft rays will 

 have a dorsal formula written VI-I, 20 whether or 



not the spines are joined by membranes to each 

 other or to the soft fin. 



The development of principal caudal rays only is 

 treated here. 



Gill-raker counts were taken from the first gill 

 arch. The formula consists of the number of 

 rakers above the one at the angle of the arch plus 

 the angle raker and those on the lower limb, i.e., 

 a gUl-raker formula of 7 + 13 signifies 7 rakers on 

 the upper limb, 1 at the angle, and 12 on the lower 

 limb of the first arch. 



Branchiostegal rays, counted on both sides, are 

 recorded left to right, i.e., 8-|-7 indicates eight 

 rays in the left and seven in the right branchio- 

 stegal regions. 



Specimens were examined for dentition on the 

 premaxUlaries, vomer, palatines, tongue, and 

 dentaries. 



All lengths of fish are standard lengths unless 

 otherwise stated. 

 Growth and Development 



In the discussion of growth and development, 

 my findings are compared with those of Ginsbiu-g 

 (1952). The pectoral soft-ray enumerations do 

 not agree with Ginsburg, as his ray counts indicate 

 a minimum and maximum range of one more ray 

 than I found. It is assumed that he included the 

 pectoral spine in his counts, and as presented here 

 the counts exclude the spine. 



A soft-ray is considered branched when the 

 cleft separates the distalmost segment into two 

 distinct segments. The uppermost or anterior- 

 most ray of the pectoral fin and the uppermost 

 and lowermost principal rays of the caudal fin 

 never branch. Branching is considered complete 

 when all other rays in these fins have branched 

 ignoring the branching to the base of the posterior- 

 most ray in the dorsal and anal fins. Branching 

 presents no distinct pattern in the dorsal or anal 

 fins other than that the fourth through last rays 

 usually branch before the first three. The pectoral 

 and pelvic fins branch progressively away from 

 the spme. The median caudal rays branch first, 

 followed by progressive branching of the other 

 principal rays. 



Development of body parts is presented as 

 percent of standard length (% S.L.). 



Drawings 



Drawings were made with the aid of a dissecting 

 microscope and camera lucida. 



