306 



Fishery Bulletin 93(2), 1995 



development, but plaice are known to feed during 

 this time (Dawson and Grimm, 1980). 



The efficiency of net transfer between somatic tis- 

 sues and ovaries, or the ratio of ovary tissue gained 

 during development to the total somatic tissue lost, was 

 about 30% in yellowtail rockfish. This compares with 

 33% in English sole (Dygert, 1990), 43% in plaice 

 (Dawson and Grimm, 1980), and 23% in American pla- 

 ice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (MacKinnon, 1972), 

 suggesting that although the temporal sequence of 

 nutritional dynamics may differ between oviparous and 

 viviparous teleosts, the quantitative budgets are similar. 



The present study documents the first comprehen- 

 sive analysis of the nutritional energetics of repro- 

 duction in a viviparous marine teleost. Although 

 there are many similarities to oviparous species, the 

 reproductive nutritional energetics of this viviparous 

 species are likely adaptive to environmental con- 

 straints of the upwelling-dominated productivity 

 pattern of the California Current ecosystem. Energy 

 reserves, mainly lipid, were accumulated in intesti- 

 nal mesenteries and other somatic tissues in both 

 sexes through the summer up welling (feeding) sea- 

 son. Females acquired greater amounts of lipid and 

 protein than did males. These reserves were depleted 

 to a greater extent in females for ovarian develop- 

 ment, as well as in adult metabolism and survival 

 over winter when ecosystem productivity is low. This 

 strategy results in the release of larvae at the onset 

 of improved feeding conditions when upwelling re- 

 news. Because lipid is the most important energy 

 source allocated to ovarian development, inadequate 

 accumulation of lipid reserves in females during the 

 typically productive period of the year may alter the 

 maternal energy balance. Thus, periodic perturba- 

 tions, such as El Nihos, may result in reduced nutri- 

 tional input to developing larvae and consequently 

 lower reproductive success or pelagic larvae survival. 



Acknowledgments 



We thank the Groundfish Physiological Ecology staff 

 at the Tiburon Laboratory for assistance in the col- 

 lection and examination of rockfish and especially 

 Maxwell Eldridge for determination of mesenteric 

 fat. We also appreciate Mark Jackson of RSS, Inc. and 

 John Patton for providing lipid analytical capabilities. 



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