BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 373 



lishinent could hardly get enough eggs and young fry to supply the de- 

 mand ; but after a while the demand grew less, so that there was a super- 

 abundance of eggs and young fish. The raising offish in ponds did not 

 prove as successful as desired, the open waters not showing any larger 

 number of fish than before, and, as we said above, the Hellbrunu 

 establishment had to be closed last 3 ear owning to " slack business." 



UNITED STATES. 



During the last twenty years a number of Americans have become 

 famous in the annals of pisciculture, partly by new discoveries in the 

 techuical part of fish hatching, partly as practical pisciculturists or 

 patrons of pisciculture. Among these men deserve to be mentioned : 

 Livingston Stone, Seth Green, T. B. Ferguson, C. G. Atkins, J. Will- 

 iamson, M. G. Holton, F. N. Clark, J. H. Slack, F. Mather, R. E. Earll, 

 M. McDonald, H. C. Chester, and, above all, Prof. Spencer F. Baird. 

 Several States of the Union have fish commissions which, in their various 

 hatching establishments, produce an almost fabulous quantity of fish, 

 which are placed in open waters. Just as in Europe, these fish mostly 

 belong to the salmon and Coregonus families, but the Americans also 

 hatch artificially the shad ( Alosa prcestabilis) which ascends the rivers 

 from the sea in large numbers for the purpose of spawning ; and recently 

 some salt-water fish have also been hatched artificially. In the year 

 1877 a steamer, the Fish Hawk, was constructed exclusively for hatch- 

 ing shad. It gathers easily sufficient quantities of roe and milt from a 

 number of fishing stations located at a considerable distance from each 

 other, and takes the young fish to those waters for which they were des- 

 tined. Steamers are also said to have been used for the hatching of cod, 

 for the purpose of conveying millions of young cod to coasts where they 

 had not hitherto been found.* It is well known that the cod propagates 

 its species in enormous numbers. Its roe develops whilst floating in the 

 water and in one female cod as many as 9 million eggs have been found 

 (Nilsson). Attempts have also recently been made to acclimatize foreign 

 fish. Thus the carp has recently been introduced from Europe, and it 

 seems as if its culture in ponds, on the German model, has a future in 

 America. In California and Oregon the hatching of salmon eggs is 

 said to be carried on on a large scale in the McCloud River and the 

 Clackamas River, partly at the expense of the "Association for Preserv- 

 ing and Protecting Salmon," which has given a considerable sum for this 

 purpose. We are informed that in these salmon hatcheries from 14 to 

 20 million salmon eggs have been hatched in one year.t In Michigan, 



*This is a mistake. Only one lot of cod have yet been hatched, and those were re- 

 leased at Gloucester, where hatched. It was a very successful experiment, and the 

 Commissioner hopes to hatch cod on a large scale at the Wood's Holl Station hereaf- 

 ter.— C. W. S. 



t The salmon hatched and planted in McCloud have produced remarkable results, 

 increasing the yield of the salmon canneries from 25 to 50 per cent. See accounts else- 

 where.— C. W. S. 



