BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 377 



fisheries, audit's stated that the activity of these teachers of piscicult- 

 ure " promises well for the future." As far as I know, it is impossible, 

 after thirty years of artificial fish-culture, to show any increase in the 

 quantity of fish in the open waters of Sweden ; but it seems that, so far 

 at least, the Swedes are determined to continue their efforts in this 

 direction. In 1879 a landed proprietor in Schoren [the most southerly 

 province of Sweden] commenced to raise carp in ponds ; and there is 

 a reasonable prospect that this kind of fish-culture, if carried on ration- 

 ally and cautiously, will prove profitable, because the carp can easily 

 stand the climate in the southern part of Sweden. 



FINLAND. 



As regards our own country, artificial fish-culture was advocated here 

 more than a hundred years ago, by Magister C. R. Gjers, in a treatise 

 published by him at Abo, in 1771, u On the causes of the decrease of 

 the Government salmon and Coregonus fisheries in the river Kumo," but 

 as far as known, without any practical result. In consequence of the 

 impetus given by France, however, earnest efforts were made during the 

 years 1858-1867 in behalf of fish-culture. During the period 1858-1862 

 a number of private individuals started various piscicultura lestablish- 

 ments, under the guidance of my predecessor, H. J. Holmberg, who had 

 studied the organization of such establishments in Norway. The most 

 important establishments of the kind were in possession of the following 

 persons: Stockfors, on theKymmeue River, owned by Counsellor Scha- 

 telowitz ; Abborfors, on the same river, by Major-General Clayhills ; 

 Ilovinsaari, in the district of Kymmene, by Mr. Druschinin; the estab- 

 lishment in the neighborhood of Kexholm, on the Wuoksen River, by Mr. 

 Lebedeff; the one on the Urpala River, in the Wiburg Government, by 

 Mr. Alfrhan ; the one near Tammerfors, by von Nottebeck ; the one at 

 Svarta, by Baron F. Linder; and the one in the District of Kronobarg, 

 by Rev. Mr. Hartman. The three last mentioned establishments raise 

 principally brook trout and lake trout. During the years 1863 and 1S64 

 two large salmon-hatcheries were established by associations of salmon- 

 fishers, the one on the the Ulea River, and the other on the Tornea River. 

 For a number of years these establishments have annually placed a large 

 quantity of young fish, principally salmon, in the rivers on whose banks 

 they are located ; thus the establishments on the Kymmene, Ulea, 

 Urpala, and the one near Kexholm, have annually placed as many as 

 100,000 young fish apiece in open waters, the Kexholm establishment 

 during one year even as many as 200,000, without any noticeable 

 increase of the quantity of fish in any of the above mentioned rivers. 

 The production of young fish, therefore, gradually ceased in all these 

 establishments; and the result of these earnest endeavors, made at 

 considerable expense, was altogether a negative one and did not induce 

 people to imitate them. The great expectations which had been raised 

 in Finland, as in other countries of Europe, with regard to the artifi- 



