YOXJNG JACK CREVALLES 



523 



(1906: 47) listed 27 rays; Tortonese (1952: 302) 

 gave a range of 24 to 27. The first ray is the 

 longest, except in the 89.5-mm. specimen, which 

 has a distorted first ray. Lengths of the first 

 soft-ray are shown in figure 25. The first ray is 

 shorter than the third dorsal spine. 



Anal soft-rays. — 21 to 2.3 (fig. 1). Tortonese 

 (1952: 302) gave a range of 20 to 22. The first 

 and second rays are the longest and nearly equal, 

 and are shorter than the first dorsal soft-ray. 



Inlerneural and interhemal spines. — Posterior 

 lateral projections of these spines are not extended 

 above the body surface (as occurs in latus and 

 hippos). 



Caudal. — 9 + 8 principal rays; about 9 + 10 

 secondary rays. 



Pectoral. — 1-19 or 20. Falcation is pronounced. 

 Pectoral lengths are shown in figure 26. 



Pelvic. — 1-5. 



Body depth. — The depth at pelvic and depth at 

 first anal spine are similar at 87 mm. and 89.5 

 mm. ; the latter is slightly greater at 108 mm. and 

 132 mm. Measurements of depth at pelvic are 

 shown in figure 27. 



Head.— Measurements of head length are shown 

 in figure 27. 



Eye. — Measurements of eye diameter are shown 

 in figure 28. 



Snout. — Measurements of snout length are 

 shown in figure 28. 



Gill rakers. — Lower limb, 26 to 28; upper limb, 

 11 to 13; total, 37 to 41 (fig. 2). Meek and Hilde- 

 brand (1925: 349) gave a count of 21 lower-limb 

 gill rakers, exclusive of rudiments, for a specimen 

 515 mm. total length; Tortonese (1952: 302), also 

 working with larger specimens and presumably 

 excluding rudiments, gave a range of 21 to 25. 

 The terminal gill raker at the origin of the lower 

 limb of the 132-mm. specimen is the only one that 

 is appreciably shorter or rudimentary. Judging 

 from this specimen and the two accounts cited, 

 the terminal gill rakers tend to become rudi- 

 mentary with an increase in body size, and com- 

 plete counts including rudiments might be ex- 

 pected to be higher than indicated by Meek and 

 Hildebrand or by Tortonese. 



Scutes. — Range of mean number of all speci- 

 mens: 22 to 29 (fig. 29). Tortonese (1952: 302) 

 gave a range of 23 to 30. 



Lateral line. — Range of mean lateral-line ratio: 

 0.87 to 0.83 (fig. 30). 



Preopercular spines. — None. 



Pigmentation. — The four specimens are very 

 faded. The only distinctive pigmentation is the 

 very dark tip of the upper caudal lobe of the 89.5- 

 mm. specimen (end of upper lobe missing from 

 87-mm. specimen). In addition, the two smaller 

 specimens appear vaguely dark above the lateral 

 line (fig. 97). 



Beebe and Tee-Van (1933: 103), Bean (1906: 

 47), Meek and Hildebrand (1925: 349), and 

 Jordan and Evermann (1896: 927) described a 

 black opercular spot, but no records exist of body 

 bars. 



Distribution 



C. dentex has not been reliably reported from 

 the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States 

 nor from the eastern coast of Central America, 

 the Bahamas, or the Lesser Antilles. Two records 

 exist from the Greater Antilles, at Port-au-Prince, 

 Haiti, by Fowler (1952b: 99) and from Puerto 

 Rico by Erdman (1956: 327); from Bermuda by 

 Gunther (1880: 9), Bean (1906: 47), Beebe and 

 Tee-Van (1933: 103), Nichols (1919: 98; and 

 1921b: 45), and Mowbray (1949: 13); from 

 Brazil (Fowler 1941b: 154, see synonymy), the 

 Azores and West Africa (Fowler 1936: 699, see 

 synonymy), the Mediterranean by Tortonese 

 (1952: 310), and from the Pacific and Indian 

 Oceans by many authors. This is an offshore 

 species, frequently associated with offshore islands. 



Spawning 



The time and place of spawning are unknown. 

 The 87-mm. specimen is the smallest that I have 

 been able to obtain. Schnakenbeck (1931: 18, 

 figs. 13 to 16) questionably identified 5-mm. and 

 6-mm. total length specimens from the Mediter- 

 ranean as this species, but they can not adequately 

 be associated with dentex. 



Caranx lugubris Poey 



(Figure 98) 



Scomber ascensionis (non Osbeck), Bloch and Schneider, 



1801, p. 33 (Ascension Island). 

 Caranx ascensionis (non Osbeck), Cuvier, in Cuvier and 



Valenciennes, 1833, p. 102 (Ascension Island). 

 Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860, p. 222 (Cuba). 

 Caranx frontalis Poey, 1860, p. 222 (Cuba). 

 Carangus lugubris, Poey, 1866, p. 14. 

 Carangus ascensionis (non Osbeck), Streets, 1877, p. 88 



(Fanning Islands). 



