YOUNG JACK CREVALLES 



521 



taken inshore, 21.0 mm., 22.0 mm., and 22.5 mm., 

 did not have these spines. The angle produced by 

 the preopercular-angle spine was present on the 

 21.0-mm. specimen, but the spine was completely 

 covered by skin. 



Records of juvenile and adult hippos from in- 

 shore waters along the Atlantic coast of the United 

 States from April through November and the scar- 

 city of such records from December through March 

 indicate that the species either migrates to the 

 south during the colder months or moves to 

 warmer, offshore waters. 



An affinity to brackish or even fresh water may 

 account for an inshore migration of early juvenile 

 hippos. The species has been recorded from 

 Homosassa Springs, Fla., in water of very low 

 salinity, by Carr, in Gunter (1942: 311) and by 

 Herald and Strickland (1949: 109); and juveniles 

 and adults were recorded from Texas by Gunter 

 (1945: 57) in waters ranging in salinity from 4.8 to 

 36.4 parts per thousand. 



Spawning 



The spawning season that contributes young 

 hippos to this area may be estimated, from the 

 smallest specimens taken in May (26.2 mm.) and 

 in October (12.7 mm.), to extend from early March 

 to early September (fig. 96; tables 2 and 23). 



Hildebrand (1939: 26) recorded specimens with 

 "large or developing roe" from the Gatun Locks 

 on the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal. These 

 specimens were taken February 20 to 24. A sam- 

 ple from a group of more than 500 fish from the 

 middle locks was composed of 1 1 males, about 540 

 to 690 mm. (converted), only 4 of which had unde- 

 veloped testes, and 8 females, about 524 to 768 

 mm. (converted). A sample from about 250 fish 

 from the lowest chamber of the canal consisted of 

 4 males, about 528 to 650 mm. (converted), and 7 

 females, about 595 to 784 mm. (converted). This 

 evidences that females may average a larger size 

 than males. Beebe and Tee-Van (1928: 107) re- 

 corded a female of about 406 mm. (converted) from 

 Haiti taken March 11 in which "the eggs were well- 

 developed, and the ovary measured 110 by 60 

 mm." Erdman (1956: 320) noted hippos in spawn- 

 ing condition in May at Puerto Rico. Evermann 

 and Bean (1898: 236), writing of the fishes of 

 Indian River, Fla., said of hippos, "It probably 

 spawns in salt-water lagoons and bays during the 

 summer, as schools of young have been seen going 



out in the fall." Actually, the place of spawning is 

 unknown. An offshore larval existence, as pre- 

 viously discussed, indicates an offshore spawning. 

 If the larvae are associated with a northward 

 movement in the Gulf Stream, many of the juve- 

 niles that have been taken on the Atlantic coast of 

 the United States may have been spawned to the 

 south of this area. 



Caranx dentex (Bloch and Schneider) 



(Figure 97) 



? Scomber adscensionis Osbeck, 1771, p. 94 (Ascension 

 Island) . 



Scomber cordila (non Linnaeus), Bonnaterre, 1788, p. 139, 

 pi. LVIII, fig. 229 (America). 



Scomber dentex Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 30 (Brazil). 



Trachurus imperialis Rafinesque, 1810, p. 42 (Palermo). 



Caranx luna Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809, pi. XXIII 

 (Egypt). 



Citula banksii Risso, 1826, p. 422, pi. 6, fig. 13 (Nice). 



Caranx dentex, Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833, 

 p. 87 (Rio-Janiero, Brasil). 



Caranx solea Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833, 

 p. 86 (Brasil). 



Caranx analis Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833, 

 p. 88 (Sainte-Helene). 



Selenia luna, Bonaparte, 1846, p. 75. 



Caranx guara (nomen nudum, based on the French vernac- 

 ularism of Bonnaterre, 1788) Jordan and Evermann, 

 1896, p. 926 (tropical Atlantic; Mediterranean; coasts 

 of Africa, Brazil, and Madeiras; South Pacific; 

 doubtless in West Indies). 



Caranx cheilio Snyder, 1904, p. 524, pi. 8, fig. 14 (Honolulu 

 market). 



Carangus cheilio, Jordan and Evermann, 1905, p. 196, 

 pi. 33, fig. 1 (Honolulu market). 



Uraspis cheilio, Jordan, 1925, p. 16 (Honolulu market). 



Caranx ascensionis (Osbeck), Fowler, 1928, p. 145 (in 

 part; Honolulu and ? Johnson material; excluding 

 other records and synonymy; not pi. XII B). 



Caranx adscensionis (Osbeck), Smith, 1949, p. 215 (Cape 

 and Natal, South Africa ; all tropical waters) . 



Nomenclature 



The name that has most commonly been applied 

 to this species for the past 50 years, Caranx, guara 

 (Bonnaterre), is invalid. Linnaeus (1758: 298; 

 1766: 493) described Scomber cordyla, which is 

 currently recognized under the name of Megalaspis 

 cordyla (Linnaeus), an Indo-Pacific species with 

 dorsal and anal finlets. Bonnaterre (1788: 139) 

 described Scomber cordila, associated it with the 

 vernacular name of "Le Guare," and referred this 

 to page 492 of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae (1766). 

 This indicates that Bonnaterre's cordila is a trans- 



