YOUNG JACK CREVALLES 



533 



pigmented between spines 1 and 5, there are a 

 few melanophores between spines 5 and 7, and 

 the fin is unpigmented between spines 7 and 8. 



(2) The 12.8-mm. specimen is questionably 

 identified as hippos. Depth at pelvic, 7.45 mm. 

 Preopercular-angle spine length, 0.44 mm. Dorsal 

 and anal soft-rays, 20 and 16. Preopercular 

 upper-limb and lower-limb spines, and 5. The 

 lateral line is formed. No "completely developed 

 scutes" are present. Projections of the inter- 

 neural and interhemal spines have protruded 

 above the body surface. The first three body 

 bars are present, but the fourth and fifth are 

 represented by a single broad pigment mass. 



(3) The 14.2-mm. specimen is identified as hippos 

 because of its similarity to the 15.3-mm. specimen 

 of hippos previously discussed, especially in body 

 depth at pelvic (7.8 mm.) and mean lateral-line 

 ratio (0.97). Preopercular-angle spine length, 

 0.27 mm. Dorsal and anal soft-rays, 20 and 17. 

 Scutes, 9 right side and 10 left. Preopercular 

 upper-limb and lower-limb spines, and 5. The 

 five body bars are completely formed. 



The 12.8-mm. specimen is questionably iden- 

 tified as hippos only because it cannot be ade- 

 quately distinguished from latus. This is the 

 smallest specimen of either of these species to be 

 recorded from inshore waters. It was seined 

 from the surf on Plantation Key, Fla. If, as 

 suspected, Caranx of this small size normally 

 inhabit offshore waters, this specimen probably 

 was carried inshore by currents from the nearby 

 Gulf Stream. 



A 65.5-mm. standard length specimen of dentex 

 (CNHM 4936) from Bermuda has been examined, 

 and is the smallest juvenile of this species to be 

 reported. Dorsal and anal soft-rays, 26 and 23. 

 Gill rakers, 14 + 27. Scutes, 30 right side and 

 26 left. Third dorsal spine length, 8 mm. First 

 dorsal soft-ray broken, but apparently was shorter 

 than third dorsal spine. Mean lateral-line ratio, 

 0.80. All counts and measurements of this 

 specimen correspond to trends or ranges of other 

 specimens of dentex examined and reported in 

 the literature, except that its upper-limb gill- 

 raker count (14) extends the range for this 

 character. Pigmentation had faded completely. 



Measurements of the 650-mm. standard length 

 specimen of lugubris (CNHM 48389) from Ber- 

 muda, previously described by Woods and 

 Kanazawa (1951: 631), and of the 602-mm. speci- 



men of latus (CNHM 46772), were compared with 

 the estimated regression lines on the graphs accom- 

 modating the large specimens of hippos (figs. 90 

 and 91). The following comparative features 

 were indicated for these three species around the 

 600- to 650-mm. size range: First dorsal soft-ray 

 length (lugubris, 168 mm.; latus, 114 mm.) and 

 depth at pelvic (lugubris, 240 mm. ; latus, 185 mm.): 

 latus and hippos are similar, but lugubris has a 

 much longer soft-ray and greater depth than either 

 of these. Third dorsal spine length (lugubris, 58 

 mm. ; latus, 49 mm.) and snout length (lugubris, 

 65 mm. ; latus, 54 mm.): lugubris has a longer spine 

 and snout than hippos, and latus may be inter- 

 mediate between the two in these characters. 

 Eye diameter (lugubris, 36 mm.; latus, 47 mm.): 

 latus has an appreciably larger eye than the other 

 two. Head length (lugubris, 183 mm.; latus, 

 190 mm.): the three species are generally similar, 

 but latus may have a significantly longer head than 

 lugubris, with hippos intermediate between these 

 two. Pectoral length (lugubris, 233 mm.; latus, 

 202 mm.): the three species are generally similar 

 in this character. The mean lateral-line ratio of 

 the 650-mm. lugubris (1.64) is distinct from the 

 predicted range of hippos, but is within that of 

 latus. 



A recent publication by McKenney, Alexander, 

 and Voss (1958, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Carib- 

 bean, 8 (2): 167-200, figs. 1-7) described juvenile 

 crysos and larvae, identified as this species, as 

 small as 2.6 mm. (snout to tip of urostyle). Then 

 series of 148 specimens is fairly complete from 

 3.8 mm. to over 50 mm., but there is a small 

 discontinuity in their series between 3.8 mm. and 

 the three smallest larvae, 2.6 mm., 2.7 mm., and 

 2.8 mm. No indication is given as to how these 

 larvae may be distinguished from other carangid 

 larvae. Their figures and descriptions bear several 

 minor discrepancies to my figures and accounts for 

 crysos. Differences in pigmentation descriptions 

 might be due to fading or individual variation. 

 Development of their 4.2-mm. larva (then fig. lc) 

 had not progressed to the stage of the 3.8-mm. 

 specimen (my fig. 16) that I suspect to be a larval 

 crysos. They noted that the preopercular spines 

 reach their greatest relative size in the 4.0- to 

 5.0-mm. group and then decline in importance — 

 my less-complete data had suggested that the 

 preopercular-angle spine ceased to increase in 

 length at some size around 7 mm. (fig. 31) and 



