PETERSON ET AL.: IMPACT OF MECHANICAL CLAM HARVESTING 



eries in the face of emerging new technology, which 

 has the potential to enhance greatly the user con- 

 flicts for limited and interdependent coastal and 

 estuarine resources. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



We thank D. Guthrie for his advice and help in 

 applying the clam kicking treatments using his boat 

 and gear. Field and laboratory assistance in this pro- 

 ject was provided by W. G. Ambrose, Jr., B. F. Beal, 

 K. L. Bowers, P. Boyd, M. E. Colby, P. B. Duncan, 

 S. H. Larson, J. Purifoy, G. W. Safrit, Jr., P. S. 

 Smith, and N. T. Sterman. Loans of equipment by 

 H. J. Porter and D. Spitsbergen are gratefully 

 acknowledged. W. Garner, Jr., M. Marshall, F. 

 Munden, and D. Spitsbergen provided useful advice 

 concerning the data needed for hard clam manage- 

 ment. H. E. Page and V. Page provided graphics 

 services. We thank D. Colby and S. Muga for im- 

 proving our presentation and sharpening our infer- 

 ences. R. B. Deriso and D. Colby provided statis- 

 tical advice. The project was supported by the 

 Institute of Marine Sciences of the University of 

 North Carolina at Chapel Hill and by the Office of 

 Sea Grant, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce 

 under grant #NA81AA-D-00026 and the North 

 Carolina Department of Administration. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Adams, S. M. 



1976. The ecology of eelgrass, Zostera marina (L.), fish com- 

 munities. I. Structural analysis. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 

 22:269-291. 



Caddy, J. F. 



1973. Underwater observations on tracks of dredges and 

 trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. 

 J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:173-180. 



CaSTAGNA, M., AND J. N. Kraeuter. 



1977. Mercenaria culture using stone aggregate for predator 

 protection. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 67:1-6. 



COMMITO, J. A. 



1976. Predation, competition, life-history strategies, and the 

 regulation of estuarine soft-bottom community structure. 

 Ph.D. Thesis, Duke Univ., Durham. 



CONNELL, J. H.. AND W. P. SOUSA. 



1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or 

 persistence. Am. Nat. 121:789-824. 



Dickie, L. M. 



1974. Interaction between fishery management and environ- 

 mental protection. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:2496-2506. 



ECKMAN, J. E. 



In press. The role of hydrodynamics in recruitment, growth 

 and survival of Argopecten irradians (L.) and Anomia 

 simplex (D'Orbigny) within eelgrass meadows. J. Exp. Mar. 

 Biol. Ecol. 



Folk, R. L. 



1984. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Publ. Co., 



Austin. 

 FoNSECA, M. S., J. S. Fisher, J. C. Zieman, and G. W. Thayer. 



1983. Influence of the seagrass Zostera marina L. on cur- 

 rent flow. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 15:351-364. 



GiNSBURG, R. N., and H. a. Lowenstam. 



1958. The influence of marine bottom communities on the 

 depositional environment of sediments. J. Geol. 66:310- 

 318. 

 Gray, J. S. 



1974. Animal-sediment relations. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 

 Annu. Rev. 12:223-262. 

 Gross, M. G. 



1971. Carbon determination. In R. E. Carver (editor), Pro- 

 cedures in sedimentary petrology, p. 573-596. Wiley-Inter- 

 science, N.Y. 

 Guthrie, J. F., and C. W. Lewis. 



1982. The clam-kicking fishery of North Carolina. Mar. 

 Fish. Rev. 44(1):16-21. 

 Heck, K. L., Jr., and R. J. Orth. 



1980. Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) 

 meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay - Decapod Crustacea. 

 Estuaries 3:289-295. 



HULBERG, L. W., and J. S. OLIVER. 



1980. Caging manipulations in marine soft-bottom com- 

 munities: importance of animal interactions or sedimentary 

 habitat modifications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1130- 

 11.39. 



HURLBERT, S. H. 



1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field ex- 

 periments. Ecol. Monogr. 54:187-211. 



Ingram, R. L. 



1971. Sieve analysis. In R. E. Carver (editor). Procedures 

 in sedimentary petrology, p. 49-94. Wiley-Interscience, 

 N.Y. 



KiKUCHI, T. 



1966. An ecological study on animal communities of the 

 Zostera marina belt in Tomioka Bay, Amakusa, Kyushu. 

 Publ. Amakusa Mar. Biol. Lab. 1:1-106. 

 1980. Faunal relationships in temperate seagrass beds. In 

 R. C. Phillips and C. P. McRoy (editors), Handbook of 

 seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective, p. 153-172. 

 Garland STPM, N.Y. 

 Kirby-Smith, W. W. 



1972. Growth of the bay scallop: the influence of experimen- 

 tal water currents. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8:7-18. 



McCall, p. L. 



1977. Community patterns and adaptive strategies of the in- 

 faunal benthos of Long Island Sound. J. Mar. Res. 35:221- 

 266. 

 Meadows, P. S., and J. I. Campbell. 



1972. Habitat selection by aquatic invertebrates. Adv. Mar. 

 Biol. 10:271-382. 

 Myers, A. C. 



1977. Sediment processing in a marine sub tidal sand bottom 

 community: II. Biological consequences. J. Mar. Res. 35: 

 633-647. 

 Nelson, W. G. 



1979. An analysis of structural pattern in an eelgrass (Zostera 

 marina) amphipod community. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 

 39:231-264. 



Orth, R. J. 



1977. The importance of sediment stability in seagrass com- 

 munities. In B. C. Coull (editor), Ecology of marine ben- 

 thos, p. 281-300. Univ. South Carolina Press, Columbia. 



Orth, R. J., and K. L. Heck, Jr. 



1980. Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) 



297 



