NOTE Wing et al : Occurrence of Sardinops sagax off southeastern Alaska 



883 



of 13°C) (Ahlstrom, 1954). Laboratory studies have shown 

 high mortahties and abnormal development at tempera- 

 tures below 14°C (Lasker, 1964). There is some spawning 

 off northern Oregon (Clark, 1938; Ahlstrom, 1948; Bentley 

 et al., 1996). No spawning has been documented off British 

 Columbia, although mature females with loose eggs have 

 been reported from British Columbia (Walford and Mosher, 

 1941; Hart, 1943, 1973). Water temperatures off the north- 

 ern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska coasts are 

 sufficiently high for successful spawning and development 

 of eggs and larvae in July and August. The progeny may not 

 sun'ive, however, to maturity if subsequent foraging, preda- 

 tion, and overwintering conditions are severe. If spawning 

 does occur off British Columbia, it may be only a tempo- 

 rary extension of the spawning range and may not create 

 long-lasting populations. In Alaska, such a temporary range 

 extension was observed in the early 1980s for the Califor- 

 nia market squid, Loligo opalescens. whose range expanded 

 northward for several years before contracting southward 

 again (Wing and Mercer, 1990). 



Literature cited 



Ahlstrom, E. H. 



1948. A record of pilchard eggs and larvae collected during 

 surveys made in 1939 and to 1941. U.S. Fish. Wildlf Serv. 

 Spec. Sci. Rep. 54, 82 p. 



1954. Distribution and abundance of egg and larval popula- 

 tions of the Pacific sardine. Fish. Bull. 56:82-140. 

 Bentley, P. J., R. L. Emmett, N. C. H. Lo, and G. Moser 



1996. Egg production of Pacific sardine iSardinops sagax) 

 off Oregon in 1994. CalCOFI Rep. 37:193-200. 

 Clark, F N. 



1936. Variations in the number of vertebrae of the sardine, 

 Sardinops caerulea (Girard). Copeia 1936 (31:147-150. 



1938. Small sardines taken off Oregon. Calif Fish Game 

 24(1):71. 



1947. Analysis of populations of the Pacific sardine on the 

 basis of vertebral counts. Calif Fish Game Bull. 65, 26 p. 

 Hargreaves, N. B., D. M. Ware, and G. A. McFarlane. 



1994. Return of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) to the 

 British Columbia coast in 1992. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 

 51:460-463. 

 Hart, J. L. 



1943. The pilchard Sardinops caerulea (Girard) on Cana- 

 dian fishing grounds with special reference to an unusual 

 abundance of young fish. Trans. R. Soc. Can., ser. 3, 37(5): 

 55-73. 



1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 

 180, 740 p. 



Karinen, J. F. B. L. Wing, and R. R. Straty. 



1985. Records and sightings offish and invertebrates in the 

 eastern Gulf of Alaska and oceanic phenomena related to 

 the 1983 El Nino event. In El Nino north: Nino effects in 

 the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean (W. S. Wooster and D. 

 L. Fluharty, eds. ), p. 253-267. Washington Sea Grant Pro- 

 gram, WSG-WO 85-3. Univ. Washington. Seattle, WA. 

 Lasker, R. 



1964. An experimental study of the effect of temperature 

 on the incubation time, development, and growth of Pacific 

 sardine embryos and larvae. Copeia 1964:399-405. 

 McFarlane, G. A., and R. J. Beamish. 



1999. Sardines return to British Columbia waters. In Pro- 

 ceedings of the 1998 Science Board Symposium on the 

 impacts of the 1997/98 El Nino event on the North Pacific 

 ocean and its marginal seas ( H. J. Freeland, W. T Peterson, 

 and A, Tyler eds.), p. 77-82. PICES Sci. Rep. 10, Institute 

 of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia. 

 Mearns, A. J. 



1988. The "Odd Fish": Unusual occurrences of marine life as 

 indicators of changing ocean conditions. In Marine organ- 

 isms as indicators (D. F. Soule and G. S. Kleppel, eds.), 

 p. 137-176. Springer- VeHag, New York, NY. 

 Pearcy, W. G.. and A. Schooner 



1987. Changes in the marine biota coincident with the 

 1982-1983 El Nino in the northeastern subarctic Pacific 

 Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C13):14,417-14,428. 

 Radovich, J. 



1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the north- 

 east Pacific to water temperatures, particularly during 

 1957 through 1959. Calif Fish Game Bull. 1 12, 62 p. 

 Reid, C. F 



1960. Note on four specimens of the Pacific sardine taken in 

 August 1957 off British Columbia and Oregon. CaUf Fish 

 Game 46:195-198. 

 Schooner, A., and D. L. Fluharty. 



1985. Biological anomalies off Washington in 1982-83 and 

 other major Nii^io periods. In El Nino north: Nino effects 

 in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean (W. S. Wooster and 

 D. L. Fluharty, eds.), p. 211-225. Washington Sea Grant 

 Program, WSG-WO 85-3, Univ Washington, Seattle, WA. 

 Schultz, L. P., J. L. Hart, and F. J. Gunderson. 



1932. New records of marine west coast fishes. Copeia 

 1932 (2):65-68. 

 Walford, L. A. 



1931. Northward occurrence of southern fish off San Pedro 

 in 1931. Calif Fish Game 17:401-405. 

 Walford, L. A., and K. Mosher 



1941. Extension of pilchard spawning to north Pacific waters 

 indicated. Pacific Fisherman 39(3):47. 

 Wing, B. L., and R. W Mercer 



1990. Temporary northern range extension of the squid 

 Loligo opalescens in Southeast Alaska. Veliger 33:238- 

 240. 



