286 



Fishery Bulletin 88(2). 1990 



branchial chamber, encyst between the branchial lamel- 

 lae, and lie dormant until the female crab oviposits 

 (Humes 1942). Adult worms then migrate back to the 

 clutch (Humes 1942, Hopkins 1947). Two species of 

 Carcinonemertes follow this pattern: C. carcinophila 

 and C. mitsukurii. 



2 Embryogenesis of cancrid and grapsid hosts is of 

 moderate duration (Kuris 1971, Roe 1979, Wickham 

 1980, Shields et al. In press). Carcinonemertid larvae 

 settle on male and female crabs, metamorphose into 

 juveniles, and migrate to the limb apodemes, axillae, 

 and abdomens of their hosts. Juveniles transfer from 

 male to female crabs during host copulation (Wickham 

 et al. 1985). The juveniles then lie dormant, absorbing 

 amino acids and other nutrients (Roe et al. 1982), un- 

 til the host oviposits her clutch. Juvenile worms then 

 migrate into the egg clutch and mature after eating 

 crab eggs. Two nemerteans follow this pattern: C. 

 errans and C. epialtl. 



3 Spiny lobsters and king crabs brood their eggs for 

 long periods (Marukawa 1933; Shields, pers. observ.). 

 Nemertean larvae settle, metamorphose, and mature 

 only on ovigerous female crabs. Adult worms die or 

 leave the host at eclosion. Circumstantial evidence sug- 

 gests that planktonic larvae may, in at least one species 

 (C. regicides), reinfect hosts immediately uymn hatch- 

 ing (Kuris et al. In prep.). Two species follow this pat- 

 tern: C. regicides and C. wickhami. 



Acknowledgments 



We thank UCSB divers/collectors Shane Anderson and 

 Jim McCullough for their able collection of ovigerous 

 lobsters. Jason Daniel Shields and Emma Ramoy pro- 

 vided moral support. Drs. Ian Whittington and Tom 

 Cribb improved the manuscript. This work is a result 

 of research sponsored in part by NOAA, National Sea 

 Grant College Program, Department of Commerce, 

 under grant number NA80AA-D-()0120, project num- 

 ber R/F-75, through the California Sea Grant College 

 Program, and in part by the California State Resources 

 Agency. The U.S. Government is authorized to repro- 

 duce and distribute for governmental purposes. 



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