Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter: Review of the Caranx hippos complex with a description of a new species from West Africa 



219 



ing that local fishermen say that Afafa fish (probably 

 C. fischeri) swim far up rivers to spawn. 



Etymology We take great pleasure in naming this 

 new species Caranx fischeri in honor of our friend and 

 colleague Dr. Walter Fischer (retired) for his vision 

 and dedication in initiating the Species Identification 

 and Data Programme of the Food and Agriculture 

 Organization of the United Nations (Fischer, 1989). In 

 numerous ways this program has been an invaluable 

 resource for marine fisheries biologists and ichthyolo- 

 gists generally. 



Caranx hippos (.Linnaeus, 1766) 



Crevalle jack 



(Figs. IB, 3, 6-7, 8, D-E, 9-13, 15; Tables 1-4) 



Scomber hippos Linnaeus, 1766:494 (original descrip- 

 tion; Carolina; putative holotype Linn. Soc. Lond. 130 

 [Garden no. 16]); Wheeler, 1985:55 (type status). 



Scomber carangus Bloch, 1793:69, pi. 340 (original de- 

 scription; Antilles; syntype ZMB 1542). 



Caranx erythrurus Lacepede, 1801:58, 68 (no locality 

 stated; based on Caranx hippos Linnaeus and other 

 sources). 



Caranx carangua Lacepede, 1801:59, 74 (original de- 

 scription; Martinique, West Indies; no type, based on 

 a drawing by Plumier). 



Caranx antilliarum Bennett, 1840:282 (unnecessary re- 

 placement name for Scomber carangus Bloch 1793). 



Caranx defensor DeKay, 1842:120, pi. 24, Fig. 72 (orig- 

 inal description; New York; type whereabouts un- 

 known). 



Carangus esculentus Girard, 1858:168 (name only); Gi- 

 rard, 1859:23, pi. 11, Figs. 1-3 (description; Brazos 

 Santiago, Texas; apparently an unnecessary replace- 

 ment name for Scomber carangus Bloch to avoid 

 "Strickland tautonymy" when Girard provided the 

 new genus name Carangus). 



Caranx hippos: Goode, 1884:323, pi. 99 (biology, ed- 

 ibility, distribution); Devincenzi, 1924:215, pi. 232, 

 Fig. 1 (description; Rio de la Plata, Uruguay); Hil- 

 debrand, 1939:26 (sexual maturity; Panama Canal); 

 Ginsburg, 1952:93, pi. 5, Fig. C (synonymy; descrip- 

 tion; distribution; Gulf of Mexico); Berry, 1959:503, 

 Figs. 81-85 (juvenile description); Postel, 1959:157 

 (listed; Mauritania); Bauchot and Blanc, 1963:43 

 (composite description, also includes C. fischeri; dis- 

 tribution); Vergara, 1972 (osteology and relationships 

 of Cuban Caranx spp.); Menezes and Figueiredo, 

 1980:4, Fig. 4 (brief description; Brazil); Smith-Vaniz 

 and Berry, 1981:unpaginated (in part; composite 

 description; distribution); Uyeno et al., 1983:332, 

 color photo (description, Suriname); Shipp, 1986:118, 

 Fig. 133 (habits; edibility; Gulf of Mexico); Scott and 

 Scott, 1988:376 (Canadian occurrence); Smith-Vaniz 

 et al., 1990:732 (composite synonymy; distribution); 

 Cervigon, 1993:63, Figs. 24-25 (description; distribu- 

 tion; Venezuela); Randall, 1996:142, Fig. 173 (brief 

 description; Caribbean); Murdy et al., 1997:165, Fig. 



151 (description distribution; ecology; Chesapeake 

 Bay); Debelius, 1997:159, unnumbered color Fig. (Ba- 

 learic Islands, Spain; locality probably erroneous); 

 Smith-Vaniz et al., 1999:238 (erroneous occurrence 

 records; Bermuda); McBride and McKown, 2000:528 

 (seasonal dispersal patterns of juveniles between 

 subtropical and temperate habitats; east coast of 

 North America); Brito et al., 2002:220 (misidentifi- 

 cation of C. latus; Canary Islands); Klein-MacPhee, 

 2002:415, Fig. 222 (description; early life history; 

 Gulf of Maine); Laroche et al, 2006:1462, Figs, (early 

 stages; early postflexion larvae indistinguishable 

 from C. latus). 



Carangus hippos: Jordan and Evermann. 1902:306, un- 

 numbered photograph (color description; "everywhere 

 a food-fish of considerable importance"). 



Caranx hippos tropicus Nichols, 1920:45 (original de- 

 scription; Para, Brazil; holotype AMNH 3889). 



Caranx africanus (not of Steindachner): Poll, 1954: pi. 

 4, Fig. 4 (misidentification; Banana, Congo). 



Caranx carangus: Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833:91, 

 pi. 57, Fig. 2 (description); Dumeril, 1861:262 (listed; 

 Goree); Steindachner, 1870:704 (Senegal); Peters, 

 1877:836 (listed; Congo); Pellegrin, 1907:90, Fig. 7 

 (Dakar); Monod, 1927:699, Figs. 16-22B (Camer- 

 oon); Cadenat, 1950:171, Fig. 103 (Senegal); Cadenat, 

 1960:1392 (compared with "C. hippos"=C. fischeri; 

 Ghana and Nigeria); Williams, 1968:252 (maximum 

 reported size 120 cm); Blache et al, 1970:313, Fig. 819 

 (identification key; distinguished from "C. hippos"=C. 

 fischeri); Okera, 1978:84 (abundance in beach seine 

 fishery; Sierra Leone). 



Diagnosis This species is a member of the Caranx 

 hippos complex and has the following combination of 

 characters: segmented dorsal-fin rays 19-21; segmented 

 anal-fin rays 16 or 17; posttemporal bones never hyperos- 

 sified; cleithra hyperossified distally in adults ^35 cm FL 

 (Figs. 9, 10); first pterygiophore of dorsal fin (Figs. 11, 

 12) and neural spines of some vertebrae (Fig. 13) notice- 

 ably (western Atlantic) or slightly to moderately (east- 

 ern Atlantic) hyperossfied in adults ^50 cm FL; first 

 pterygiophore of anal fin not hyperossified in large 

 adults; pleural ribs 6-8 hyperossified in large adults; 

 in specimens >20 cm FL, heights of longest dorsal- and 

 anal-fin rays 1.3-2.1 and 1.2-2.0, respectively, in head 

 length; anal-fin lobe and underside of caudal peduncle 

 bright yellow in adults. 



Remarks Nichols and Roemhild (1946) gave frequency 

 counts of dorsal- and anal-fin rays for 42 specimens of 

 C. hippos from the western Atlantic Ocean. Their counts 

 of 15 anal soft rays (3 specimens) and 18 dorsal soft 

 rays (2 specimens) were not duplicated (see Table 2) in 

 our material that was based on a total of 161 western 

 Atlantic and 63 eastern Atlantic specimens. Because 

 Berry (1959, Table 21) recorded the same range of soft 

 rays (based on 132 western Atlantic C. hippos) that we 

 also recorded, we conclude that the outlier counts given 

 in the earlier study are erroneous. 



