erate from a standing start and have the possibil- 

 ity of moving in a number of directions. We spec- 

 ulate that the beat and glide behavior of anchovy 

 larvae may not only be hydrodynamically more 

 efficient (Weihs 1974) but also may reduce the 

 vulnerability to predation. 



Acknowledgments 



Roderick Leong maintained sardines in the lab- 

 oratory and spawned the adults after manipula- 

 tion with hormones. Sandor Kaupp reared sar- 

 dine larvae in the laboratory. Arild Folkvord and 

 Clelia Booman elaborated experimental proce- 

 dures. John R. Hunter commented on the 

 manuscript. 



Literature Cited 



Ahlstrom, E H 



1954. Distribution and abundance of egg and larval popu- 

 lations of the Pacific sardine. Fish. Bull., U.S. 56:83- 

 140. 

 Bailey, K. M. 



1984. Comparison of laboratory rates of predation on five 

 species of marine fish larvae by three planktonic inverte- 

 brates; effects of larval size on vulnerability. Mar. Biol. 

 (Berl.) 79:303-309. 



Bailey. K M . and R S. Batty 



1983. A laboratory study of predation on Aurelia aurita on 

 larval herring (Clupea harengus ): experimental observa- 

 tions compared with model predictions. Mar. Biol. 

 (Berl.) 72:295-301. 



Brownell, C. L. 



1985. Laboratory analysis of cannibalism by larvae of the 

 Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 

 114:512-518. 



Butler, J. L. 



1987. Comparisons of the early life history parameters of 

 Pacific sardine and northern anchovy and implications 

 for species interactions. PhD Thesis, University of 

 California at San Diego, San Diego, 242 p. 



Butler, J L., and B. Rojas de Mendiola 



1985. Growth of larval sardines off Peru. CalCOFI Rep. 

 XXVI:113-118. 



Folkvord. A., and J R Hunter 



1986. Size-specific vulnerability of northern anchovy, En- 

 graulis mordax, larvae to predation by fishes. Fish. 

 Bull., U.S. 84:859-869. 



Hewitt, R P . G H Theilacker. and N C H Lo 



1985. Causes of mortality in young jack mackerel. Mar. 

 Ecol. Prog. Ser. 26:1-10. 

 Hunter. J R 



1972. Swimming and feeding behavior of larval an- 

 chovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:821- 

 838. 

 1976. Culture and growth of northern anchovy, Engraulis 

 mordax, larvae. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74:81-88. 



1984. Inferences regarding predation on the early life 

 stages of cod and other fishes. Flodevigen rapportser., 

 1., ISSN 0333-2594 The propagation of cod Gadus 

 morhua L, p. 533-562. 



Hunter. J R . and C A. Kimbrell 



1980. Egg cannibalism in the northern anchovy, En- 

 graulis mordax. Fish. Bull., U.S. 78:811-816. 

 Loukashkin, a S 



1970. On the diet and feeding behavior of the northern 

 anchovy, Engraulis mordax (Girard). Proc. Calif Acad. 

 Sci. 37 (Ser. 4):419-458. 

 MacCalL, A. E. 



1979. Population estimates for the waning years of the 

 Pacific sardine fishery. Calif Coop. Oceanic Fish. In- 

 vest. 10:72-82. 

 Methot, R D , JR , AND D Kramer. 



1979. Growth of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, 

 larvae in the sea. Fish. Bull., U.S. 77:413-423. 



Murphy, G I. 



1966. Population biology of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops 

 caerulea). Proc. Calif Acad. Sci. 34:1-34. 

 OConnell, C, p. 



1980. Percentage of starving northern anchovy, En- 

 graulis mordax, larvae in the sea as estimated by histo- 

 logical methods. Fish. Bull., U.S. 78:475-484. 



Owen, R W , J L Butler, N C H Lo. A Alvarlno. G H Thei- 

 lacker, J R. Hunter, J. Hakanson, and Y Watanabe. 

 In press. Spawning and survival patterns of larval an- 

 chovy in contrasting environments — a site intensive ex- 

 periment. Cal. Coop. Fish. Invest. Rep. 

 Smith, P E. 



1985. Year-class strength and survival of 0-group clu- 

 peoids. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 (Suppl. 11:69-82. 



Theilacker. G H 



1986. Starvation-induced mortality of young sea-caught 

 jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus , determined with 

 histological and morphological methods. Fish. Bull., 

 U.S. 84:1-15. 



Webb, P. W 



1981. Responses of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, 

 larvae to predation by a biting planktivor, Amphiprion 

 percula. Fish. Bull., U.S. 79:727-735. 



Webb. P W . and R T Corolla 



1981. Burst swimming performance of northern anchovy, 

 Engraulis mordax, larvae. Fish. Bull., U.S. 79:143- 

 150. 

 Webb. P W , and D Weihs. 



1986. Functional locomotor morphology of early life his- 

 tory stages of fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115:127. 

 Weihs, D. 



1974. Energetic advantages of burst swimming of 

 fish. J. Theoret. Biol. 48:215-229. 

 ZWEIFEL, J E , AND R. LaSKER 



1976. Prehatch and posthatch growth of fishes — a general 

 model. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74:609-621. 



John L. Butler 

 Darlene Pickett 



Southwest Fisheries Center 



National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 



P.O. Box 271 



LaJolla.CA 92117 



167 



