the population of prey and scans the visible space in order to locate its 

 prey. The strategy of the prey should be optimized with respect to a 

 number of criteria--maximum individual and group safety, minimum probability 

 of pursuit, maximization of the time required for detection and capture. 

 Vine showed that in this situation, it is most favorable to the prey to 

 be evenly distributed in a circle; within a circle, the prey should form 

 an arc so that the head of the rearmost individual is directed toward 

 the tail of the foremost individual. The greatest individual safety will 

 be achieved by individuals in an ordered pattern around the periphery of 

 a sector or at the center of a chain. Schools which can observe in all 

 directions see predators most easily and can restructure themselves most 

 quickly. The "nose to tail" position is favorable for the group of prey 

 as a whole. Some of the advantages of schooling are also gained by each 

 individual, e.g., when the predator hunts by individual capture of prey, it 

 is favorable to increase the size of the school (minimize the size of the 

 target prey). The adaptive results of schooling following from the geometry 

 of the constructions of Vine, agree with field observations (J. A. Allen, 

 1968; Delia Crose, Holthius, 1965; Herrnkind et al . , 1973; Losse, Merrett, 

 1971; Emery, 1968) and experiments (Steven, 1961; Clutter. 1969; Zelickman, 

 1974, etc.). Of course, other principles of configuration and geometry of 

 the school are possible, e.g., when interacting with a prey, orientation 

 by chemoreceptors, during sexual interactions, behavioral interactions, 

 etc. However, a given geometry of spatial organization of individuals of 

 the same species as a method of decreasing predation is doubtless one of the 

 most probable adaptive structures of this behavior. 



In those cases when many prey individuals are absorbed at the same time, 

 e.g., when whales feed on swarms of E uphausia superba , the train of argument 

 presented above might seem inapplicable. However, one should recall that 

 swarms of E. s uperba vary greatly in size. The mosaic-like distribution of 

 the prey and the rapidity of restructuring of swarms fatigue the predator 

 and, probably, make the search for the prey much more difficult. 



Thus, the types of nontrophic connection in a community have as many 

 aspects as the competition for food, and are based on the purposes which 

 are common for all bonds in populations: spatial and reproductive isolation, 

 elimination of nonviable genomes from the breeding stock, weakening (by 

 ritual ization, pheromone regulation, etc.) of intraspecies and interspecies 

 interactions which are too active. Essentially, the etiologic bonds are 

 equivalent to communication lines among individuals of the same or different 

 ages, one or both sexes, between generations and populations. Intraspecific 

 and interspecific communications have evolved from a single-bit information 

 system to a multiple-bit system (Sebeok, 1969). In the sea, this path is the 

 same as on land. From external metabolites as the simplest carriers of 

 information, species go over to the utilization of other channels for 

 information transmission--the vibrotactile, visual and acoustical channels. 

 The information capacity of the etiologic signaling also increases; in 

 hermit crabs, lobsters and crabs it may be as great as in social insects 

 and birds (Hazlett, Bossert, 1965; Hazlett, 1972b; Hazlett, Estabrook, 1974). 

 The development of the ability to recognize patterns leads, on the one hand, 

 to greater individualization and complication of etograms and, on the other 



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