Chlorophytd are also common, for example, Hal imeda , but their signifi- 

 cance in the formation of reefs is much less. In rocky places, communi- 

 ties of sea grasses (e.g., Phyl 1 ospadix in the northern Pacific) are 

 found, although they Are more characteristic for looser beds. On the 

 whole, the sublittoral edge is the most varied portion of the intertidal 

 zone in terms of specific composition. It is here that we find signifi- 

 cant numbers of species from the groups of animals which dre not charac- 

 teristic for the intertidal zone, as are the Echi nodermata , Ascidia , 

 sponges, Bryozoa, Cephalopoda, Brachyopoda, fish, etc. 



In the boreal intertidal zone of the Atlantic Ocean, the 

 development primarily of laminaria algae, to a lesser extent red algae 

 and fucuses, is characteristic. Of the animals, the most common Are 

 Mytil us edul is , the gastropods Testudinalia tessellata , 

 Li ttorina 1 i ttorea , Nucella lapillus , the sea urchens Strongyl o- 

 centrotus droebachiensis , the sea stars Asterias , the sea anemone 

 Teal ia . Where the surf is weak, the laminaria are frequently replaced 

 by Fucus serratus stands. 



The high boreal eastern Atlantic sublittoral edge is quite poor in 

 species composition. For example, the Patellidae are practically absent 

 here. Nevertheless, the main band-forming species remain the same: 

 Alaria esqualenta , Lami naria di gi tata , l^. saccharina , Nytil us edul is , 

 Fucus serratus and the Rhodophyta. 



In the northern Pacific, fucus is absent in the sublittoral edge, 

 but the zone of laminaria is usually well developed. In surf intertidal 

 zones of the Bering-Sea coast of Chukotka, typical communities of the 

 sublittoral edge are not found; only associations common with the inter- 

 tidal zone of seasonal and ephemeral algae develop here. In the inter- 

 tidal zone which is protected from the surf in Krest Bay, a community of 

 Laminaria bongardiana appears, and extends to the south along Kamchatka, 

 the northern and middle Kurile. Along the coast of eastern Kamchatka, 

 in places there is a well expressed band of laria angusta , while on the 

 northern and central Kurile there is also a community of 

 Laminaria longipes and Cymathaere triplicata . 



On the littoral coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the composition of 

 macrophytes of the sublittoral edge is quite different-- 

 Laminaria longipes and Alaria praelonga are characteristic only for 

 southwestern Kamchatka, while further to the north and west, 

 Lessonia laminarioides , Laminaria gurjanovae and _L. saccharina are most 

 typical. It is interesting that Cystoseira crassipes is also present, 

 although most of its stands are located in the sublittoral 

 (Vozzhinskaya, 1965; Blinova, Vozzhinskaya , 1974). In the lower boreal 

 intertidal zone of the southern Kurile, in addition to the 

 1 ami nariaceans Kjellmaniel la gyrata , Costaria costata and 

 Arthrothamnus bifidus , stands of _C. crassi pes are quite widespread and, 

 to a lesser extent, Sargassum kjellmanianum and _S. thunbergi , while on 

 the coast of southern Skhalin we find _C. crassipes , Sargassum pallidum , 

 Laminaria cichorioides , J., japonica and Alaria marginata . Stands of 

 Phyllospadix iwatensis are also characteri<;tic for both of these 

 regions. Along the continental coast of the Sea of Japan, 

 laminariaceans extend into the intertidal zone only in places in 



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