apparently nearly as numerous as the initial population. In this case, 

 expulsion of local forms was not observed, and the acclimatization was 

 doubtless useful from the practical point of view. A similar result was 

 obtained by the carefully planned and well-founded introduction of 

 certain reef and estuarine species of fish and invertebrates to the 

 Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands are poor in natural fauna, as is 

 the usual case for isolated islands, the local fauna consisting mainly 

 of species which have a long larval period, so that larvae can be 

 carried in by currents from the life-rich regions of the tropical 

 western Pacific. The islands had no representatives of the species-rich 

 genera of fish Lutianu s and Lethr inus, had only 2 species of groupers 

 ( Epine p helus ) and 2 species of the ITTupeid group of sardines, of which 

 other islands in Oceania had from 8 to 22 species. The mollusks and 

 crustacean fauna were similarly poor. As a result of transplantation 

 from the waters of the Atlantic states of America, the islands of 

 central Oceania, Japan and Southeast Asia, the marine fauna of the 

 Hawaiian Islands was enriched with useful mollusks, crustaceans and 

 fish, which acclimatized with no noticeable harm to the local biota 

 (Table 20). 



The relative level of saturation of biota is of great significance 

 for the introduction and acclimatization of exota, since it defines to a 

 great extent the possible direction of introduction and form of 

 acclimatization. This is well illustrated by comparison of the fauna of 

 bodies of water which are more or less similar in their physical and 

 geographic conditions but differ in terms of saturation of biota. 



For example, joining of the Mediterranean and Red Seas through the 

 Suez Canal in 1869 opened a path for the fauna of these bodies of water 

 through what had been an impassable barrier. There are difficulties in 

 this method--highly saline water areas (Great Salt Lake, etc.). 

 Nevertheless, some 130 species from various systematic groups of benthos 

 and nekton have succeeded in using such opportunities to introduce 

 themselves into new bodies of water. Eighty-five species of 

 invertebrates and 25 species of fish from the Red Sea have settled in 

 the Mediterranean, while 6 species of invertebrates and 7 of fish from 

 the Mediterranean have settled in the Red Sea (Table 21). The 

 difference in the number of fish moving in the two directions has 

 resulted from the fact that the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea 

 represents significantly fewer species than the Indian-Western Pacific 

 Ocean fauna. For example, in the Mediterranean we find no species of a 

 number of characteristic Pacific families: Dussumieridae (2 species 

 have settled in the Mediterranean), Platycephalidae (1), Siganidae (2), 

 Leiognathidae (1 species). 



2 . 3 Transoceanic and Inter-oceanic Transplantation 



The global scale which has been achieved by transplantation and 

 introduction of marine organisms is illustrated by examples of both 

 autotransplantation and of transplantation. Long-range autotrans- 

 plantation of invertebrates is clearly seen in examples of 

 transplantation by ships, on their hulls or in ballast water (Bishop, 

 1951; Walford, Wicklund, 1973; Hoese, 1973, et al.). We can present 



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