Thysanoessa . The great number of microzooplanktonic predators, along 

 with the phytophages and the great specific weight of carnivorous feeding, 

 are characteristic for the epiplankton of all productive zones. For 

 example, in the neritic waters of the Barents Sea, in the upper 30 centimeter 

 layer, an asymmetrical quantity of Oithona , Sagitta and Pseudocalanus of all 

 ages is observed, as well as Cladocera , Fri till aria and Oicopleura 

 (Shuvalov et al., 1974). According to our observations, the number of these 

 animals in May-September (per unit volume) in the 0-30 cm layer is 3-4 orders 

 of magnitude greater than in the 0-10 m layer. This concentration of 

 predators and phytophages in the narrow surface layer indicates the precise 

 feeding differentiation of the massive species. 



Although in the Arctic community, the biomass of zooplankton in the 

 tremendous water area of the neritic and shelf regions is also higher than 

 in the oceanic waters, the "neritic underutilized phytoplankton," of which 

 A. K. Heinrich wrote (1961a, b, 1962), apparently does not exist. In the 

 Barents Sea, it is in these neritic waters that phytoplankton is consumed 

 earliest and most completely (Roukhiyaynen. 1960). Were this underutili- 

 zation real, the dominant phytophages would not eat animal food, either in 

 winter or, particularly, in the summer. In nature, Calanus finmarchicus 

 supplements its protein supply by predation, both summer and winter (Adams, 

 Steele, 1966), although in the laboratory, this species can survive for 

 long periods of time on a diet of algae alone. On the shelf of the 

 epicontinental seas of the Arctic, for example near Novaya Zemlya (Zelickman, 

 Golovkin, 1972), the great biomass of zooplankton is formed where the 

 phytoplankton is richest. The excess phytoplankton, i.e., imbalance, is 

 nonexistent: The disproportion which arises is eliminated by changes in 

 the population of the massive species and in the number of their generations. 

 In other words, the temporary "excess" is regulated by the consumers them- 

 selves. Thus, with low concentrations of algae cells, the rate of filtration 

 of the Copepoda decreases, and the level of nutrition supports only the 

 minimum vital activity. The low rate of consumption allows the phytoplankton 

 to increase in number, after which it is immediately utilized by the Copepoda 

 to increase their own egg production (Adams, Steele, 1966; Poulet, 1974). 



2.2. Spatial and Morphophysiologic Differentiation of Organisms 



as a Form of Transformation of Fluctuations within the Arctic 

 Ecosystem 



The flexibility, "elasticity" of the system, given the relatively low 

 number of life forms, is achieved, particularly, by redistribution of 

 "energy clusters" within the community both in time and in space. The 

 space and time segregation of massive species and their hemipopulations is 

 clearly expressed. The capability of organisms to hold themselves in a 

 predetermined water mass reinforces this heterogeneity, guaranteeing the 

 species and their hemipopulations synchronous coexistence. During the 

 polar day, the intrapopulation spatial differentiation is primarily ex- 

 pressed in the horizontal plane. One example can be found in the local 

 schools and zones of abundance of C. finmarchicus , Thysanoessa inermis , and 

 ]_. raschii (Zelickman, 1958, 1961by. In the Barents Sea, the main body 

 of zone of abundance of C alanus , P seudocalanus and euphausiids, as well as 

 their young in spite of seasonal movements, are always distributed 

 throughout the depths. The euphausiids of the present and previous year 

 are distributed horizontally. 



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