Page 



2.4 Perennial Changes in the Biomass of 



Zooplankton of the Arctic Pelagic Zone 61 



3. Communities of the Temperate Waters of the 

 Northern Hemisphere (S. A. Mileikovsky , 



L. A. Ponomareva, T. M. Semenova) 65 



3.1 Some Biological Peculiarities of the 

 Planktonic Communities in the Cold- 

 Temperate Regions of the tJorthern 



Hemi sphere 65 



3.2 Planktonic Communities of the 



Boreal Atlantic 68 



3.3 Planktonic Communities of the 



Boreal Pacific 76 



4. Communities of the Temperate and Cold Waters 



of the Southern Hemisphere (N. M. Voronina) 80 



4.1 Phytocenes 



Factors Defining the quantitative 



Development of Phytoplankton 81 



4.2 Zoocenes 91 



4.3 Communities 



Specific and Trophic Structure 103 



5. Communities of the Trophical Regions of the 



Ocean (A. K. Heinrich) HO 



5.1 Structures of the Tropical Communities. 

 Specifics of Species Composition and 

 Boundaries between Communities. 

 Significance of Departing Species 112 



5.2 Production Cycles 119 



6. Deep-Water Communities (M. E. Vinogradov) 128 



Chapter III. Benthic Communities and Their Structural and 



Functional Character i sties 133 



1. Littoral Communities (0. G. Kussakin) 133 



1.1 Zonal ity of the Intertidal Zone 134 



1.2 Factors Specific for the Littoral 136 



1.3 Typology of the Intertidal Zones 139 



1.4 General Characteristics of the 



Littoral Biota of the World Ocean 141 



1.5 Supralittoral Biota 145 



1.6 Littoral Biota. Rocky Littoral Zone 146 



1.7 Characteristic Peculiarities of the 

 Littoral Biota of the Tropics and 

 Circumpolar Waters 154 



vi 



