Table 21. Autointroduction from the Suez Canal of various hydrobionts 

 (according to Walford and Wicklund, 1973). 



Number of Species 



Group 



Algae 

 Sponges 

 Coelenterata 

 Worms (Polychaeta, 



Sipunculoida) 

 Crustacea 

 Pantopoda 

 Molluska 

 Echinodermata 

 Ascidia 

 Fish 

 Total 



examples of transplantation of 5 species of the Cirripedia crustaceans, 

 the Balanidae, attached to the hulls of ships: from Australia to the 

 waters of western Europe ( Elminius modestus , about 1940); from the coast 

 of America to the coast of Europe, southern Australia and Japan ( Balanus 

 improvisus , late 19th and early 20th centuries), from the Atlantic coast 

 of America to Europe, then later to Japan (B^. algicola ); from the 

 tropical Pacific to Japan and California (B^. amphi trite , about 1940 and 

 later). Autotransplantation of other invertebrates overgrowing the 

 hulls of ships has occurred over equally long distances: the polychaete 

 Hydroides norvegica , the Bryozoa Bugula flagellata , the hydroid 

 Bougainvfllia ram os"a--from the North Atlantic to Australia and New 

 Zealand; the polychaete Mercierella enigmatica- -from India to western 

 Europe and the Caspian, the Bryozoa Victorella pavida- -in the reverse 

 direction. Ships have also carried many other species across oceans 

 which have acclimatized in new regions: the mussels Mytilus edulis- - 

 from Europe to Japan, the North Atlantic Mya arenaria to the Pacific 

 waters of America and to the Black Sea, the Rapana venosa from the Sea 

 of Japan to the Black Sea, the crabs Callinectes sapidus and 

 Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus from the waters of eastern North 

 America to the seas of Europe, and the last-named species also into the 

 Caspian Sea and the Pacific waters of America; the European Carcinus 

 maenas- -to the Atlantic waters of America; the East Asian Eriocheir 

 sinensis- -to the waters of western Europe. Cases are known of 

 transoceanic autotransplantation of fish--small bullheads, blennies, 

 etc. --in the ballast water of ships, during transportation of dry docks, 

 shipping of large mollusks, etc. 



401 



