o 



-* 5 



O^ 





l^-^ 



m 



Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a cell in the Lyapunov model. l--animate 

 element of ecosystem; 2~inanimate element of ecosystem; 3~group of 

 elements in a cell; 4--flows of matter; 5--trophic connection; 6-- 

 transfer of matter; 7--energy of solar radiation; 8--information 

 connection; 9 — transport between cells; 10 — a cell of the ecosystem; I-- 

 solar radiation; n|^--concentration of nitrogen; np--concentration of 

 phosphorous; Pp--production of phytoplankton; P--Diomass of 

 phytoplankton; f— biomass of zooplankton; d~concentration of detritus 

 (remaining symbols correspond to coefficients of equations 1.2-1.7 and 

 are explained in text). 



multiplication of bacteria was limited by the concentration of nutrient 

 substances (detritus, DOM) and the limiting relationship of production 

 to biomass. 



The next refinement of the model of A. A. Lyapunov occurred when 

 zooplankton stopped being considered as a single element, and became 

 divided into Protozoa (f^), microzooplankton (f2), fine filter feeders 

 (fo), coarse filter feeders (f^i), small predators--cyclopoids (s^), 

 other small predators--calanoias (S2) and large predators--chaetognaths 

 and polychaetes (so). The Protozoa included Flagellata (heterotrophs) , 

 infusorians and radiolarians. The microzooplankton included the nauplii 

 of copepods; the fine filter feeders (less than 1 mm) included such 

 animals as the Oikopleura , Clausocalanus , Paracalanus , Acartia , 



coarse filter feeders (greater 

 Scolecithrix, Neocalanus, 



Lucicutia , small Ostracoda, etc.; the 

 than 1 mm) included Undinula, Pleuromamma, 



325 



