Since the volume of thermal discharge into marine coastal and 

 estuarine waters continually increases, the question of the development 

 of methods of checking the effects of thermal pollution takes on 

 particular significance. The protective measures which have been 

 suggested are few and sometimes contradictory. All authors agree that 

 the most important thing is to provide the most rapid possible mixing of 

 the heated discharge water and natural water, to cool the warmer water 

 to the natural level as quickly as possible. To do this, it has been 

 suggested that electric power plants and manufacturing plants either be 

 constructed along open areas of the sea coast with surf, and the thermal 

 water be discharged at some depth (Glooschenko, Glooschenko, 1969), or 

 that heated water be discharged into special mixers (Verwey, 1974) or 

 into the open sea (Barnett, 1972). However, it has been noted that 

 estuarine biota have been adapted by evolution to great fluctuations in 

 environmental factors, including temperature, much better than the biota 

 of open sea coasts (Cairns, 1969; Brungs, 1970; Patric, 1972). 



We must not forget the possibility of using thermal discharge to 

 meet the economic needs of man. Heated water can be used to develop the 

 farming of commercial species of algae, invertebrates and fish in 

 regions of thermal discharge. The first experiments along this line 

 have already been undertaken in several countries. The possibility has 

 also been reported of increasing the effectiveness of reproduction of 

 fish and invertebrates in cold-water regions by the use of heated water 

 (Davis, 1972), as well as the use of heated water to control fouling 

 (Naylor, 1965b). 



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