336 



Fishery Bulletin 100(2) 



fish may occasionally move longer distances. This raises 

 a question about the efficacy of marine resei-ves that are 

 designed to account for modal distributions of fish based 

 on traditional tag-recapture studies. 



The efficacy of a marine resei-ve is directly related to its 

 size and shape and the movements of the protected spe- 

 cies (Polacheck, 1990; DeMartini, 1993; Nowlis and Rob- 

 erts, 1999). Thus, without estimates of both the range and 

 frequency of movements of the target species, it is difficult 

 to predict the effectiveness of a reserve for consei-ving fish- 

 es (Carr and Raimondi, 1998). Infrequent foraging excur- 

 sions out of a reserve, for example, could potentially ne- 

 gate the value of a reserve if its purpose is to act as a 

 harvest refugium. Conversely, small home ranges could 

 preclude a "spillover" effect and diminish a reserve's abil- 

 ity to enhance local fisheries, if that were the goal. Small 

 reserves may appear to protect species that move little, 

 but if protected fishes occasionally move greater distances, 

 as did the tagged bocaccio and gi'eenspotted rockfishes in 

 our study, then larger resei-ves may be needed to encom- 

 pass 90*^^ or more of the typical monthly movements of a 

 species. Models that incorporate movement into the theo- 

 retical design and evaluation of marine resei-ves may thus 

 be strengthened by using the probability or percentage of 

 time an animal actually remains in the resei-ve boundar- 

 ies rather than modal distributions. The periodic departure 

 of tagged fish from their center of activity suggests that 

 a consei-vative strategy for the design of marine reserves 

 would be to include a buffer zone to account for these infre- 

 quent sojourns. 



Only one-fourth of the tagged bocaccio spent more than 

 80% of their time in the 12-km- study area. Yet the Soquel 

 Canyon study area was two times larger than the mean 

 size and four times larger than 70% of marine resei-ves 

 in California that regulate fishing in any way (McAi'dle, 

 1997 ). Such movement will require that marine resei^ves 

 intended to effectively protect bocaccio will need to be 

 much larger than most current reserves. Until the full ex- 

 tent of the range and periodicity of movements is known, 

 however, it will be difficult to adequately design a system 

 of marine reserves to protect bocaccio stocks. 



After tagging, greenspotted rockfishes returned to rock 

 habitats on the ledges at the side of Soquel Canyon and ex- 

 hibited small horizontal and vertical movements. Based on 

 the signal receptions for our three-month period, the size of 

 a marine resei-ve would need to have a diameter of 3 km 

 to account for 95% of the typical movements of the tagged 

 greenspotted rockfish. Bocaccio. however, returned to high- 

 er relief habitats near the canyon rim after release and ex- 

 hibited much greater horizontal and vertical movements. 

 An effective reserve for bocaccio, therefore, would need to be 

 larger than the 12 km- area encompassed by our study. 



Acknowledgments 



A project of this complexity requires the help of many 

 people. We especially want to thank Korie Johnson, who 

 was an integi-al part of the research team in the first year 

 of this study. We thank the people who helped us catch 



fish, especially Dempsey Bosworth from the FV Beticia, 

 and Lee Bradford, Joe Bizzarro, Kate Stanbury, and other 

 students and staff of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. 

 We thank the people who provided the ships and submers- 

 ibles, and their crew, including MLML ship operations 

 staff Wayne Kelly, the crew of the CV Cavalier, the pilots 

 of the submersible Delta, Dave Slater and Chris Ijames, 

 and the crew of the RV Point Lobos and Ventana, and ROV 

 pilots. Funding for this project was provided by the West 

 Coast and Polar National LTndersea Research Center, LTni- 

 versity of California Sea Grant Extension Program, and 

 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. We also thank the 

 three anonymous reviewers of the manuscript. 



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