CHAMBERS ET AL.: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EARLY LIFE HISTORY TRAITS 



ative correlations between traits. Second, while 

 the correlation between yolk volume and oil 

 globule volume at hatching and between oil 

 globule volume and posthatching lifespan re- 

 mained significant (P < 0.05), the magnitude of 

 the correlations between posthatching hfespan 

 and all other ELH traits approached signifi- 

 cance. This pattern of correlations derived from 

 family averages suggests that offspring from 

 eggs with large yolk volumes are larger at hatch- 

 ing, hatch later, have larger yolk reserves and 

 oil globules at hatching, and live longer than do 

 offspring of females producing eggs with less 

 yolk. This pattern is consistent with results of 

 most previous reports based on average trait 

 values. 



Female Effects on ELH Traits 



Initial egg yolk volume varied among females 

 (Fig. 2). Female identity significantly influenced 

 the set of six ELH traits (Wilk's \ = 0.0001, F = 

 6.1, df = 54, 70, P < 0.0001). Initial yolk volume 

 and oil globule volume at hatching were the pre- 

 dominant traits contributing to among-female 

 differences (Table 2). Univariate ANOVAs sup- 

 ported the MANOVA result; all traits varied 

 significantly among females and the percentage 

 of variance due to female was greatest for initial 

 yolk and oil globule volume at hatching (Table 2). 

 None of the family-averaged ELH traits was 

 significantly correlated with female size. How- 

 ever, the average initial yolk volume of the egg 



Overall frequency 

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Female number 



Figure 2. — Overall frequency distribution of initial egg yolk 

 volumes and partitioned variation (means ± 2 SD) of yolk 

 volumes by female for capelin, Mallotus villosus. A total of 

 142 eggs were measured from 10 females. Females are 

 ranked by average yolk volumes of their eggs. 



was directly related to condition and lipid indices 

 of the female (Table 2). 



DISCUSSION 



Correlations Between ELH Traits 



Our observations of positive within-individual 

 relationships between initial yolk volume and 



Table 2. — Contributions of early life history traits (ELH) of capelin, Mallotus villosus. to the rejection of 

 the null hypothesis of no female effect, and correlations between these traits and properties of female 

 parents used. (1 ) Correlations between ELH trait means and the standardized discriminant function that 

 maximized among female differences. (2) Percentage of total variance in each ELH trait due to female 

 effect. Correlation between ELH trait means and female size (3), female condition index (4), and female 

 lipid index (5). The magnitude of the correlation between ELH traits and the discriminant function 

 reflects the contribution of a trait to rejection of the multivariate null hypothesis of no female effect. The 

 eigenvalue associated with this discriminant function accounted for >77% of the variation among the 

 ELH traits. * P < 0.05, " P< 0.01 . 



519 



